Mukkulathor means Mukulathaar (Tamil: முக்குலத்தோர்) is used to refer to the trinity of ancient Tamil royal lineages. It can be roughly translated as "people of the three clans", a reference to the three aristocratic clans (Kallar, Maravar and Agamudayar) which have supplied the Tamil country with most of its royal dynasties and warriors
One of the principal weapons of the Kallars is the boomerang. This has evoked comparisons with the Australian aborigines and vouch for the theory that Kallars were one of the earliest people to inhabit the Indian subcontinent. The principal occupation of Kallars is farming.
Kallars are found largely in Madurai, Sivagangai, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Trichy, Theni and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. One of their popular deities is Kallazhagar who is a warrior form of Lord Thirumala or Venkadavan.
There are various sub-castes of Kallars, amongst whom the Ambalakarar is the most important. They were a warlike people who strongly resisted every British attempt to subjugate them. They are found in Madurai and Sivaganga districts. In these districts, each village is headed by an Ambalakarar (president of an assembly) and the Ambalakarars took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "nadu", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalakarars. Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are highly conservative and have preserved their customs and traditions to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess.
There are kallar settlements in Aziz Nagar (near Ulundurpettai), Pammal (near Tambaram) and Prisly Nagar (Otteri,Chennai). Kallars (Thevar pattam) in these settlements are belived to be migrated from southern parts of Tamil Nadu to a place called Veppur (Cuddalore district). A temple ("Nallathangal kovil") established by them at Veppur on their migration and a Nallathangal temple found in a southern district is the only link to establish their migration.
There are various derivations of the word "Agamudaiyan" or "Ahamudaiyan". " derived from the root aham, which, in Tamil, has many significations.[2]In one of these, it means a house, in another earth, and hence it has two meanings, householder and landholder ; the suffix Udeiyar indicating ownership. The word is also used in another form, ahambadiyan, derived from another meaning of the same root, i.e., inside. And, in this derivation, it signifies a particular caste, whose office it was to attend to the business in the interior of the king's palace, or in the pagoda".[2] " The name," Mr. J. H. Nelson writes, "is said by the Rev. G. U. Pope, in his edition of the Abbe Dubois' work to be derived from aham, a temple, and padi, a step, and to have been given to them in consequence of their serving about the steps of temples. But, independently of the fact that Madura pagodas are not approached by fiights of steps, this seems to be a very far-fetched and improbable derivation of the word. I am inclined to doubt v/hettbe not merely ii vulgar corruption of the wellknown word Ahamudeiyan, possessor of a house, the title which Tamil Brahmans often use in speaking of a married man to his wife, in order to avoid the unpolite term husband. Or, perhaps, the name comes from aham in the sense of earth, and pati, master or possessor."[2][3]
Of the Mukkulathor, the Agamudaiyans are the community most influenced by Brahminism.[3][4] The ordinary title of the Agamudaiyans is Servaikkaran, but many of them call themselves Pillai.[4] In Thanjavur district, agamudaiyans are also called "Terkittiyar" or "southerners".[4] The Agamudaiyans are divided into the following sub-sects: Aivali Nattan, Kottaipattu, Malainadu, Nattumangalam, Rajaboja, Rajakulam, Rajavasal, Kalian,Sani, Maravan, Tuluvan (cf. Tuluva Vellala) and Servaikkaran.[4]
There are diverse theories with regard to the origin of Mukkulathors.
Dr Spencer Wells and Dr. Pitchappan have found an ancient DNA marker in the blood of Kallar that links them to the very first modern humans who migrated out of Africa about 60,000 years ago and travelling through the southern coastline of Asia had eventually reached Australia. Based on this theory, it is assumed that the Piramala Kallars are the oldest human inhabitants of the subcontinent. Yet, this is an isolated case found only among the individuals of the Kallar caste.[citation
The downfall of the Mukkulathors occurred in 1345 with the fall of Vira Pandyan IV and the subsequent conquest of Madurai by the Delhi Sultanate. However, the southern territories of the Sultanate soon asserted their independence and the Mukkulathors recovered under the Vijayanagar Empire and later under the Nayak dynasty during whose period they served as Polygars or chieftains. The Nayaks were actually governors appointed by Vijayanagar kings and were Naidus of Telugu origin. Later, after the fall of Vijayanagar, they established some measure of independence in the provinces which they governed and appointed individuals from the warrior Mukkulathor clans as their military chieftains and governors. After a century of peace and prosperity, the Nayak kingdom disintegrated and regional Polygar chieftains most of whom were from the Mukkulathor communities, making use of this opportunity, established their dominance and rule in the areas which they governed. However, just as their sun was in its ascendancy there arose a serious obstacle in the form of the British East India Company who desired to force the Polygars into submission and annex their territories to the Madras Presidency.
The first direct challenge was thrown by Puli Thevan in 1755. This was precipitated by the support the British East India Company lent to Puli Thevar's enemy, the Nawab of Arcot. Puli Thevar is remembered as the first king to have fought and defeated the British in India. His exploits have since become legendary.
Resistance to British rule was also offered by Padal Vellaiya Devan who fought the British along with Kattabomman. His son Desakaval Senbaga Devar is also remembered for his exploits.
Queen Velu Nachiyar, Queen of Sivaganga, is another noted personality who fought with the British during early British Era.
The Maruthu Pandiyar brothers are notable for their role in the Polygar Wars. They were eventually captured by the British and hanged in 1801.
In 18 th century Vallambars (Nattars) helped the Maruthu brothers in War against Britishers. So they presents some areas to them, to manage the administration of places near to Karaikkudi. Then Vallambars are also called as Palaya Nattars
Pulla Vazhkai Vallan Pakkam – the martial attitude of the warrior who goes forth into suicidal battle is mentioned by Tholkappiyam. The other works refer to it as Thannai Verttal. Duarte Barbosa describes the practice among the Nayar(of the Chera kingdom). It was later noticed by British officials as well. It was also prevalent among the Maravar (of the Pandya kingdom) from whom the suicidal Aapathhuthavi bodyguard was selected. Thannai Verttal also refers to the suicide of a warrior on hearing that his king or commander has died (Purapporul Venpa Malai). Punkilithu Mudiyum Maram is the martial act of a warrior who commits suicide by tearing apart his battle wound.
Another form of martial suicide mentioned by all the works except Veera soliyam, is Avippali. Tamil inscriptions speak of it as Navakandam. Inscriptions found in many parts of Tamilnadu provide greater information on the practice. Navakandam is the act of a warrior who slices his own neck to fulfil the vow made to korravai – the Tamil goddess of war – for his commanders’ victory in battle. The Kalingathu Parani(10) – a work which celebrates the victory of the Chola king Kulotunga and his general Thondaman in the battle for Kalinga, describes the practice in detail. “The temple of korravai is decorated with lotus flowers which bloomed when the warriors sliced their own necks”(106); “they slice the base of their necks; the severed heads are given to the goddess”(111); “when the neck is sliced and the head is severed, the headless body jumps with joy for having fulfilled the vow”(113).
The epics of Chilapadikaram (5: 79-86) and Manimekalai (6: 50-51) mention the practice. To ensure the complete severing of the head, the warrior tied his hair to a bamboo bent taut before he cut his neck. Hero stones depicting this practice are found all over Tamil Nadu, and are called Saavan Kallu by locals. The warriors who thus committed suicide were not only deified in hero stones (saavan kallu) and worshipped but their relatives were given lands which were exempted from tax(11).
An area handbook (Tharamangalam) of the Tamilnadu archeology department notes that “the Nava Kandam sculpture which is found widely all over Kongu Nadu (Coimbatore, Salem) is to be seen at the Tharamangalam Kailasanathar kovil also. The people call it Saavan Kallu. “The practice of Nava Kandam existed in Kongu Nadu till the early part of this [i.e., 20th] century.”(12)
A Saavan Kallu at Thenkarai Moolanatha sami Kovil in Madurai, depicting the act of a warrior holding his hair with his left hand and slicing his neck with his right – 14th century – is said to be annually worshipped by the Conjeevaram Mudaliyars.(13) The Conjeevaram Mudaliyars are Kaikolar, a presentday weaving caste which was militarized under the Chola empire and was made into a special military body; there are indications that Kaikolar warriors practiced Nava Kandam(14).
Apart from these codified forms of martial suicide, a method called Vadakkiruththal is mentioned in Tamil heroic poetry. It is the act of a warrior king fasting to death, if some dire dishonour were to come upon him(15). The Tamil teacher, and the Dravidian propagandist, turned the song of the legendary Chera king Irumborai who committed suicide when he was taken captive by his enemies into a compelling theme in Tamil renaissance.
The Avippali form of martial suicide as the ultimate expression of loyalty to one’s commander, is deeply embedded in the Tamil psyche. Senchorru-kadan (the debt of red rice) is a phrase that is widely used today by Tamils as an expression of loyalty. One frequently hears of it in a popular Tamil song. The phrase sands for the ritual of partaking of rice by which Maravar and other Tamil military caste warriors bound themselves to their king or commander to die in suicidal battle for him, or to commit suicide on the day he was slain. Of Avippali, the Puraporul Venba Malai ([verse] 92) says, “thinking of nothing but the red (blood) rice the Maravar give their life as offering in battle.”
The ritual of red or blood rice was described by two Muslim travellers who had visited the Tamil country in the 9th century. “A quantity of cooked rice was spread before the king, and some three or four hundred persons came of their own accord and received each a small quantity of rice from the king’s own hands, after he himself had eaten some. By eating of this rice, they all engage themselvesto burn themselves on the day the king dies or is slain; and they punctually fulfill their promise.”(16) In modern times it has been observed that “when a Maravar takes food in the house of a stranger, he will take a pinch of earth and put it on the food before he commences his meal.”(17) This act freed him from the debt of blood rice.[2]Some also committed suicide by eating bricks.
Kallar mainly lived and are still populas on the northern pandian territory or Thanjavur, Thiruchirappalli, Dindugal, Madurai districts.
Agamudaiyar formed the police force and did security jobs. They bascially stood guard for Temple, Farm lands, Nadan hamlets. They are called servai in Thirunalveli, Thoothukudi districts. Maruthu Sagothararkal are marked for their guard of Kalayar koil against the war with British. They are scaterd all thro Pandiyan Territory mainly to all temple cities.
"In Madurai - West Masi Street,their community people formed a AGAMUDAIYAR ARAN(Maruthu pandiyar mandram)"
Maravar are brave warriors who met head-on. They lived and are still populas on the northern Pandian Territory next to Kallar belt in the districts of Ramnad, Madurai, Raja Palayam, Thirunelveli. They shared the ruling titles of Pandiyans for their bravery. Raja of Ramnad is the fact for this.
When the pandian suffered defeat at the hands of Nayaks and Muslims of Vijayanagar Empire, These 3 castes stood guard and gave their life in protecting the assets of Madurai Meenakshi temple and its chain of temples down south. They retained the pandian control and still are dominant in the southern pandiyan districts of Tamilnadu
Clans
The Kallar, Maravar and Agamudaiyar communities constitute the Kshatriya or warrior class of Tamil Nadu, South India. They are a prominent social group of India. They descent from the ancient royal dynasties of the southern region. They have proven Indian histories of more than 3000 yearsKallar
Kallar(Tamil: கள்ளர்)is one of the three communities which constitute the Mukkalathor confederacy. European eyewitnesses of the 18th century have made mention of Kallars as "a fearless tribe show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation". They were expert soldiers and constituted the bulk of Chola and Pandya armies.One of the principal weapons of the Kallars is the boomerang. This has evoked comparisons with the Australian aborigines and vouch for the theory that Kallars were one of the earliest people to inhabit the Indian subcontinent. The principal occupation of Kallars is farming.
Kallars are found largely in Madurai, Sivagangai, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Trichy, Theni and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. One of their popular deities is Kallazhagar who is a warrior form of Lord Thirumala or Venkadavan.
There are various sub-castes of Kallars, amongst whom the Ambalakarar is the most important. They were a warlike people who strongly resisted every British attempt to subjugate them. They are found in Madurai and Sivaganga districts. In these districts, each village is headed by an Ambalakarar (president of an assembly) and the Ambalakarars took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "nadu", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalakarars. Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are highly conservative and have preserved their customs and traditions to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess.
There are kallar settlements in Aziz Nagar (near Ulundurpettai), Pammal (near Tambaram) and Prisly Nagar (Otteri,Chennai). Kallars (Thevar pattam) in these settlements are belived to be migrated from southern parts of Tamil Nadu to a place called Veppur (Cuddalore district). A temple ("Nallathangal kovil") established by them at Veppur on their migration and a Nallathangal temple found in a southern district is the only link to establish their migration.
Maravar
Maravar (Tamil: மறவர்)(meaning "veerar",upper caste), are one of the oldest social groups to be mentioned by the Sangam Tamil literature. This indicates an association with the Tamil land which is at least 2,000 years old. The writers of the Sangam Age place them in rural settlements withdrawn from cities. Maravar, in Tamil, means a warrior. Maravars are the courageous breed and were involved in the major wars that Tamilnadu witnessed.The maravar are popularly given the title 'Thevar.Other historians postulate that Maravar is derived from Tamil language term Marutham (called as Thinnai). They originally lived in (See Ancient Tamil country). The name of the city Madurai is also postulated to be derived from Maruthai and honorific title of local Pandya kings..They were the rulers of ancient tamilnadu.They ruled the vast land mass of tamilnadu along with Paravar,the coastal rulers.Both these tribes have same origin and they are famous throughout south India for their valour.They were bloodly related akins.The Maravar and Paravar constitute the Kshatriya varna of Tamil caste system.The southern styles of Kalarippayattu,silambam,varma kalai have been practiced primarily by nairs ezhavas,Kallars and Thevars of erstwhile Travancore areas.The Maravar have close relation with kalabhras but they were non-aryan,non-kalabhar group.They were ancint rulers of Pandya kingdom from the first sangam age.Another predominant caste called the Paravars and Maravars were collectively called as Meenavar and Villavar of the past.They both have same origin and they had control over pandya kingdom.Their leaders were given the title"Meenavan" or "Pandyan".Later years the paravas diversified to various fields like pearl fishing,sea trading,also famous sailors came from that caste.But the maravas of meenavar still remained in their tradition.Veera Maravar are the fore fathers of varma kalai.The Maravas were unbeaten in the History of tamilnadu.They ruled Chera,Chola and Pandya kingdoms in later years and they were the Muvendar.Later Naga invasion,Nairis(the present day Nair caste)entered south India as allies to Maravar.But Later they changed their diplomatic stance to enemy and the cowardice attack of nairis made Maravar lose Chera kingdom.Edgar Thurston (1855-1935) a British museologist and ethnographer identified the use of the boomerang by kallar and marawar.Agamudayar
Agamudayar (Tamil: அகமுடையார்) also known as Agam Padaiyar is one of the three Mukkulathor communities. W. Francis writes about Agamudaiyans that they are "a cultivating caste found in all the tamil districts'. however, most agamudaiyars are found in Thanjavur, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts." [1]There are various derivations of the word "Agamudaiyan" or "Ahamudaiyan". " derived from the root aham, which, in Tamil, has many significations.[2]In one of these, it means a house, in another earth, and hence it has two meanings, householder and landholder ; the suffix Udeiyar indicating ownership. The word is also used in another form, ahambadiyan, derived from another meaning of the same root, i.e., inside. And, in this derivation, it signifies a particular caste, whose office it was to attend to the business in the interior of the king's palace, or in the pagoda".[2] " The name," Mr. J. H. Nelson writes, "is said by the Rev. G. U. Pope, in his edition of the Abbe Dubois' work to be derived from aham, a temple, and padi, a step, and to have been given to them in consequence of their serving about the steps of temples. But, independently of the fact that Madura pagodas are not approached by fiights of steps, this seems to be a very far-fetched and improbable derivation of the word. I am inclined to doubt v/hettbe not merely ii vulgar corruption of the wellknown word Ahamudeiyan, possessor of a house, the title which Tamil Brahmans often use in speaking of a married man to his wife, in order to avoid the unpolite term husband. Or, perhaps, the name comes from aham in the sense of earth, and pati, master or possessor."[2][3]
Of the Mukkulathor, the Agamudaiyans are the community most influenced by Brahminism.[3][4] The ordinary title of the Agamudaiyans is Servaikkaran, but many of them call themselves Pillai.[4] In Thanjavur district, agamudaiyans are also called "Terkittiyar" or "southerners".[4] The Agamudaiyans are divided into the following sub-sects: Aivali Nattan, Kottaipattu, Malainadu, Nattumangalam, Rajaboja, Rajakulam, Rajavasal, Kalian,Sani, Maravan, Tuluvan (cf. Tuluva Vellala) and Servaikkaran.[4]
History
Origins
There are diverse theories with regard to the origin of Mukkulathors.
Dr Spencer Wells and Dr. Pitchappan have found an ancient DNA marker in the blood of Kallar that links them to the very first modern humans who migrated out of Africa about 60,000 years ago and travelling through the southern coastline of Asia had eventually reached Australia. Based on this theory, it is assumed that the Piramala Kallars are the oldest human inhabitants of the subcontinent. Yet, this is an isolated case found only among the individuals of the Kallar caste.[citation
The Nayak Period and the Polygars
The downfall of the Mukkulathors occurred in 1345 with the fall of Vira Pandyan IV and the subsequent conquest of Madurai by the Delhi Sultanate. However, the southern territories of the Sultanate soon asserted their independence and the Mukkulathors recovered under the Vijayanagar Empire and later under the Nayak dynasty during whose period they served as Polygars or chieftains. The Nayaks were actually governors appointed by Vijayanagar kings and were Naidus of Telugu origin. Later, after the fall of Vijayanagar, they established some measure of independence in the provinces which they governed and appointed individuals from the warrior Mukkulathor clans as their military chieftains and governors. After a century of peace and prosperity, the Nayak kingdom disintegrated and regional Polygar chieftains most of whom were from the Mukkulathor communities, making use of this opportunity, established their dominance and rule in the areas which they governed. However, just as their sun was in its ascendancy there arose a serious obstacle in the form of the British East India Company who desired to force the Polygars into submission and annex their territories to the Madras Presidency.
[edit] Freedom Fighters and the Polygar Wars
There was a clash of interests between Mukkulathor Polygar chieftains seeking to recover their lands after 400 years of foreign rule and the British East India Company, an emerging power seeking to expand its influence and power into new territories and to arrest the growth of French influence in India ahead of the Seven Years War.The first direct challenge was thrown by Puli Thevan in 1755. This was precipitated by the support the British East India Company lent to Puli Thevar's enemy, the Nawab of Arcot. Puli Thevar is remembered as the first king to have fought and defeated the British in India. His exploits have since become legendary.
Resistance to British rule was also offered by Padal Vellaiya Devan who fought the British along with Kattabomman. His son Desakaval Senbaga Devar is also remembered for his exploits.
Queen Velu Nachiyar, Queen of Sivaganga, is another noted personality who fought with the British during early British Era.
The Maruthu Pandiyar brothers are notable for their role in the Polygar Wars. They were eventually captured by the British and hanged in 1801.
[edit] Surnames
The surnames used by the Thevar people are Ambalakarar, Servai, Vandaiyar, Mannaiyar, Nattar (not Nadar), etc. It is a general practice in Tamil Nadu to address a Thevar woman as "Nachchiyaar". The Kallars of Dindigul, Trichy, Thanjavur, Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga, Pudukottai and Ramnad Districts have very distinct surnames. Some of the most common names are Anjathevar, Vanathirayar, Sendapiriyar, OOnayaar, Alathondamar, Ambalam, Aarsuthiyar,Kaadavaraayar, Kalingarayar, Vandaiyaar, Vallundar,Thanjaraayar, Chozhangaraayar, Kandiyar, Pursaar, Vaanavaraayar, Mazhavaraayar, Payer, Kommatti, Mootar, Patti, Kannakkarar, Irungular, Singilaar, Pallavaraayar,Ponnapoondar,Pullavaraayar, Servai, Karaimeendar,Vanavarayar,Vairayar,Ponpethiar,Gopalar, Thondaimaan, Thevar, Kandapillai, Vayaadiyar, Vanniar, Nattaar, Alankara Priyar, Munaiyatriyar,Keerudayar, Saaluvar, Manraayar,Kaadavaraayar, Madhavarayar, Onthiriyar, Servai, Serumadar, Vambaliar, Thenkondaar, Mankondaar, Kaaduvetiyaar, Sozhagar, Chozanga Nattar,olivarayar etc. There are over 700 surnames in use.In 18 th century Vallambars (Nattars) helped the Maruthu brothers in War against Britishers. So they presents some areas to them, to manage the administration of places near to Karaikkudi. Then Vallambars are also called as Palaya Nattars
Current Status
Although a great many of the members are still agriculturalists, many have also progressed up the social ladder as doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, politicians and civil servants. Large number of people from the community are serving the nation as military men. Large number of people serving the tamilnadu police departmentThe code of suicide by warriors or maravars in ancient tamilnadu
Avippali, Thannai, Verttal, Vallan pakkam, Pun Kilithu Mudiyum Maram and Marakkanchi: the forms of martial suicide and suicidal battle of the warrior as the ultimate expression of his loyalty to his commander. These six forms of martial suicide are defined as described by the works referred to above.Pulla Vazhkai Vallan Pakkam – the martial attitude of the warrior who goes forth into suicidal battle is mentioned by Tholkappiyam. The other works refer to it as Thannai Verttal. Duarte Barbosa describes the practice among the Nayar(of the Chera kingdom). It was later noticed by British officials as well. It was also prevalent among the Maravar (of the Pandya kingdom) from whom the suicidal Aapathhuthavi bodyguard was selected. Thannai Verttal also refers to the suicide of a warrior on hearing that his king or commander has died (Purapporul Venpa Malai). Punkilithu Mudiyum Maram is the martial act of a warrior who commits suicide by tearing apart his battle wound.
Another form of martial suicide mentioned by all the works except Veera soliyam, is Avippali. Tamil inscriptions speak of it as Navakandam. Inscriptions found in many parts of Tamilnadu provide greater information on the practice. Navakandam is the act of a warrior who slices his own neck to fulfil the vow made to korravai – the Tamil goddess of war – for his commanders’ victory in battle. The Kalingathu Parani(10) – a work which celebrates the victory of the Chola king Kulotunga and his general Thondaman in the battle for Kalinga, describes the practice in detail. “The temple of korravai is decorated with lotus flowers which bloomed when the warriors sliced their own necks”(106); “they slice the base of their necks; the severed heads are given to the goddess”(111); “when the neck is sliced and the head is severed, the headless body jumps with joy for having fulfilled the vow”(113).
The epics of Chilapadikaram (5: 79-86) and Manimekalai (6: 50-51) mention the practice. To ensure the complete severing of the head, the warrior tied his hair to a bamboo bent taut before he cut his neck. Hero stones depicting this practice are found all over Tamil Nadu, and are called Saavan Kallu by locals. The warriors who thus committed suicide were not only deified in hero stones (saavan kallu) and worshipped but their relatives were given lands which were exempted from tax(11).
An area handbook (Tharamangalam) of the Tamilnadu archeology department notes that “the Nava Kandam sculpture which is found widely all over Kongu Nadu (Coimbatore, Salem) is to be seen at the Tharamangalam Kailasanathar kovil also. The people call it Saavan Kallu. “The practice of Nava Kandam existed in Kongu Nadu till the early part of this [i.e., 20th] century.”(12)
A Saavan Kallu at Thenkarai Moolanatha sami Kovil in Madurai, depicting the act of a warrior holding his hair with his left hand and slicing his neck with his right – 14th century – is said to be annually worshipped by the Conjeevaram Mudaliyars.(13) The Conjeevaram Mudaliyars are Kaikolar, a presentday weaving caste which was militarized under the Chola empire and was made into a special military body; there are indications that Kaikolar warriors practiced Nava Kandam(14).
Apart from these codified forms of martial suicide, a method called Vadakkiruththal is mentioned in Tamil heroic poetry. It is the act of a warrior king fasting to death, if some dire dishonour were to come upon him(15). The Tamil teacher, and the Dravidian propagandist, turned the song of the legendary Chera king Irumborai who committed suicide when he was taken captive by his enemies into a compelling theme in Tamil renaissance.
The Avippali form of martial suicide as the ultimate expression of loyalty to one’s commander, is deeply embedded in the Tamil psyche. Senchorru-kadan (the debt of red rice) is a phrase that is widely used today by Tamils as an expression of loyalty. One frequently hears of it in a popular Tamil song. The phrase sands for the ritual of partaking of rice by which Maravar and other Tamil military caste warriors bound themselves to their king or commander to die in suicidal battle for him, or to commit suicide on the day he was slain. Of Avippali, the Puraporul Venba Malai ([verse] 92) says, “thinking of nothing but the red (blood) rice the Maravar give their life as offering in battle.”
The ritual of red or blood rice was described by two Muslim travellers who had visited the Tamil country in the 9th century. “A quantity of cooked rice was spread before the king, and some three or four hundred persons came of their own accord and received each a small quantity of rice from the king’s own hands, after he himself had eaten some. By eating of this rice, they all engage themselvesto burn themselves on the day the king dies or is slain; and they punctually fulfill their promise.”(16) In modern times it has been observed that “when a Maravar takes food in the house of a stranger, he will take a pinch of earth and put it on the food before he commences his meal.”(17) This act freed him from the debt of blood rice.[2]Some also committed suicide by eating bricks.
Other version
Kallar, Maravar, Agamudaiyar basically are the Pandiya and chola caste who ruled the pandiya nadu and chola nadu.Kallar mainly lived and are still populas on the northern pandian territory or Thanjavur, Thiruchirappalli, Dindugal, Madurai districts.
Agamudaiyar formed the police force and did security jobs. They bascially stood guard for Temple, Farm lands, Nadan hamlets. They are called servai in Thirunalveli, Thoothukudi districts. Maruthu Sagothararkal are marked for their guard of Kalayar koil against the war with British. They are scaterd all thro Pandiyan Territory mainly to all temple cities.
"In Madurai - West Masi Street,their community people formed a AGAMUDAIYAR ARAN(Maruthu pandiyar mandram)"
Maravar are brave warriors who met head-on. They lived and are still populas on the northern Pandian Territory next to Kallar belt in the districts of Ramnad, Madurai, Raja Palayam, Thirunelveli. They shared the ruling titles of Pandiyans for their bravery. Raja of Ramnad is the fact for this.
When the pandian suffered defeat at the hands of Nayaks and Muslims of Vijayanagar Empire, These 3 castes stood guard and gave their life in protecting the assets of Madurai Meenakshi temple and its chain of temples down south. They retained the pandian control and still are dominant in the southern pandiyan districts of Tamilnadu
VILLAVAR AND BANAS
ReplyDeletePandya is the title of Villavar rulers as well as Banas. Bana kingdoms were present throughout India. Most of the India were ruled by Bana rulers. Throughout India numerous places called Banpur which were capitals of Banas exist. Banas were called as Banasura also.
Banas were the the Northern cousins of Villavar who ruled Kerala and Tamilnadu. In Karnataka and Andhra also was ruled by Banas.
VILLAVAR SUBGROUPS
1. Villavar
2. Malayar
3. Vanavar
The seagoing cousins of Villavar were called Meenavar
4. Meenavar
Pandyas emerged from all these subgroups in the ancient times. They also used the flag of the sub clans. For eg.
1. Pandyan from Villavar clan was called Sarangadwaja Pandyan. He carried a Bow-arrow flag.
2. Pandyan from Malayar clan was called Malayadwaja Pandyan. He carried a flag with Hill insignia.
3. Pandyan from Vanavar subclan carried a Bow-arrow or Tiger or Tree flag.
4. Pandyan from Meenavar clan carried a fish flag and called himself Meenavan.
In the laterdays all the Villavar clans merged to form Nadalvar clans. Ancient Meenavar clan also merged with Villavar and Nadalvar clans.
Laterdays Nagas who migrated from North became fishermen in south. They are not ethnically related to Villavar-Meenavar clans.
VILLAVAR TITLES
Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadar, Santar, Chanar, Shanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chandar Perumbanar, Panickar, Thiruppappu, Kavara (Kavurayar), Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mara Nadar, Nattathi, Pandiyakula Kshatriya, Nelamakkarar etc.
Ancient Pandyan dynasty was split into three kingdoms.
1. Chera dynasty.
2. Chola dynasty
3. Pandyan dynasty
All were supported by Villavars.
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
1. Chera Kingdom
Villavar
Malaiyar
Vanavar
Iyakkar
2. Pandian Empire
Villavar
Meenavar
Vanavar
Malaiyar
3. Chola Empire
Vanavar
Villavar
Malaiyar
BANA AND MEENA
In the Northern India Villavar were known as Banas and Bhils. Meenavar were known as Meena or Matsya.
Early residents of Indus Valley and Gangetic plains were Bana and Meena clans.
King Virata who gave refuge to Pandavas for one year was a Matsya - Meena ruler.
Despite their Asura status Banas were invited to all Swayamvaras.
ASSAM BANA KINGDOM
A Bana kingdom called Asura Kingdom with capital at Sonitpur ruled Assam during ancient times. Throughout India Bana-Meena and Villavar-Meenavar kingdoms existed until the end of middle ages.
MAHABALI
Banas and Villavar considered King Mahabali as their ancestor. Numerous kings with Mahabali title ruled India. Villavars called their ancestor Mahabali as Maveli.
ONAM
Onam festival celebrates the return of king Mahabali who had ruled Kerala every year. The places Mavelikkara, Mahabalipuram both named after Mahabali.
MAVELI
One of the titles of Pandyas were Maveli. Pandyas rivals the Banas were also called Maveli Vanathi Rayar.
DANAVA DAITYA
Ancient Danavas and Daityas could be Bana subgroup of Indus Valley. The king of Daityas was called Mahabali. The first Dams in India were built by Banas on the Indus river four thousand years ago.
HIRANYAGARBHA CEREMONY
Both Villavars and Banas performed Hiranyagarbha ceremony. In Hiranyagarbha ceremony the Pandya king simulated to emerge from the golden womb of King Hiranya. Hiranya was the ancestor of Mahabali.
VILLAVAR AND BANAS
ReplyDeleteWAR AGAINST NAGAS
Kalithokai an ancient Tamil literature describes a great war fought between combined armies of Villavar Meenavar against Nagas. In that war Villavar Meenavar were defeated and Nagas occupied central India.
NAGA MIGRATION TO SOUTH
Various clans of Nagas migrated to south India and Srilanka especially to coastal areas.
1. Varunakulathor(Karave)
2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
3. Kurukalathor (Karaiyar)
4. Paradavar
5. Kalabhras (Kallar, Kalappalar, Vellalar)
6. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)
These Nagas were the main enemies of Villavars. Nagas sided with Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara Naickars and Europeans colonial rulers and opposed Villavars, leading to Villavar downfall.
KARNATAKA'S BANA AND VILLAVAR ENMITY
Despite having common origins Karnataka's Banas and Villavar were enemies. Kerala was occupied by Banas from Alupas Pandyan Kingdom of Tulunadu (Banapperumal) in 1120 AD.
Balija Naickers occupied Tamilnadu in 1377 AD.
Chola Pandyan kingdoms of Villavar were occupied by Balija Naickars (Bana descendents of Mahabali, Banajigas) of Vijayanagara empire.
END OF VILLAVARS
The invasion of Malik Kafur in 1310 led to the defeat of Pandyan dynasty. Villavars were massacred and all the three Tamil kingdoms came to an end.
KARNATAKAS PANDYAN KINGDOMS
Karnataka had many Banappandyan kingdoms
1. Alupa Pandyan kingdom
2. Uchangi Pandyan Kingdom
3. Santara Pandyan kingdom
4. Nurumpada Pandyan kingdom.
Karnataka Pandyans used Kulasekhara title also.
ANDHRAPRADESH
Bana kingdoms of Andhra
1. Bana kingdom
2. Vijayanagara kingdom.
FLAGS OF BANAS
Early
1. Double Fish
2. Bow-Arrow
Late
1. Bull Crest
2. Monkey crest (Vanara dwaja)
3. Conch
4. Wheel
5. Eagle
Travancore Kings had Conch Insignia on their flag because they were Banas from Alupa dynasty Karnataka.
Sethupathis had Anumakkodi or Hanuman flag (Vanara Dwaja) because they were Vanathirayars from Kalinga.
VILLAVAR AND BANAS
ReplyDeleteBANA AND MEENA
In the Northern India Villavar were known as Banas and Bhils. Meenavar were known as Meena or Matsya.
NORTH INDIAN BANA CLANS.
The North Indian Banas had the titles Bana, Vada Balija, Agni, Vanni, Tirgala etc.. North Indian Banas had merged with various communities such as Jats, Rajputs. Some Banas had become subservient to Rajputs and Aryan rulers. Some Banas had adopted bow and Arrow making as their profession.
PALLAVA BANAR.
Pallava kings had migrated from the ancient Uttara Panchala country (Uttarpradesh and Nepal) to Andhra in 200 BC. The capital of Uttara Panchala country was Ahichatram. Pallava kings were Brahmins belonging to Bharadvaja Gotra and were descendents of Aswathama but had mixed with a Parthian dynasty. With Pallava kings, an army of Banars who had jungle cutting as profession, migrated from the Panchala country to south india.
These Prakrit speaking Bana clans from Panchala country had the titles Vanni, Thigala (Tirgala) and Vada Balija. Pallava occupied Tamilnadu in 275 AD. Bull insignia of the Bana clan was on Pallava flags. Pallava capital Mahabalipuram was named after the ancestor of Bana dynasty, king Mahabali.
MEENA
Meena clans of Rajasthan mixed with Bhil clans to form Bhil-Meena dynasties. Meena ruled Rajastan until 1030 AD. Alan Singh Meena Chanda was the last great ruler.
BANAS
A Bana dynasty was founded by Pallavas at southern Kosala kingdom at Chatisgarh and Odisha in 731 AD with capital at Pali. Vikramaditya I Jayameru was the last king.
PANDYA DYNASTY OF TIKAMGARH
Bana clans with Pandya title ruled from Kundeshwar as capital in Madhyapradesh.
BANA TRADERS
Banas transformed themselves into successful business community. Balijas formed various trade guilds such as Anchu Vannam and Manigramam and controlled trade. This trader-Warriors were the Balija Naickers. Balija closely resembled German Hanseatic League. Balijas belonged to the Bana kingdom (Vaduga country) of Andhrapradesh.
Conclusion
Thus Pandyas are not present in Tamilnadu alone. All the Pandyans mentioned in Mahabharatham are not from Tamilakam alone. Some Pandyans supported Pandavas while others supported Kauvravas. Banappandiyans ruled whole of India. Some Banas used Pandya title . Others did not use Pandyan title. With Bana mixture various kingdoms emerged. North Indian Bana kingdoms declined after the invasions of barbaric foreign invaders such as Saka and Huna.
________________________________________________
Villavar Malayar Vanavar Sangam age coin.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q5Ebqb5XTE4/W1LYuq2vnrI/AAAAAAAAEH4/1b-_GJRcWWoS9FdoOaLnvyUiGU3_BJJSQCLcBGAs/s1600/new.png
NAGA
ReplyDeleteNagas were basically a north Indian people but ethnically different from Aryans. Nagas were a subordinate people of Aryans. Nagas, Aryans and Dravidians are three different races of India.
HINDI
Hindi is also known as Devanagari was the language of Deva(Aryan) and Naga people.
INDRA
Indra was the king of Devas was elected mostly from Aryan people. But some Nagas were also elected as King of Devanagari people. Nahusha was a prihistorical Naga king who attained Indra status.
NAHUSHA
Nahusha was elected as a Indra as the reigning Indra was removed by a curse. Nahusha ruled from Pratishthana, modern Paithan in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. This may correspond to the period of occupation of central india by Nagas as told in Kalithokai. Son of Nahusha was Yayati. Sons of Yayati were Puru, ancestor of the Pandavas and Kauravas and Yadu, ancestor of Yadavas. Yadus had a tribal union with the Turvasha tribe, and were frequently described together. Thus Pandavas Kauravas and Yadhava might descend from Naga king Nahusha.
DESCENDENTS OF INDRA
The Naga migrants from Gangetic river area to South India also claim descendency from Indra and Ahalya.
Nahusha → Yayati
Yayati → Puru dynasty
Puru dynasty → Kuru dynasty + Yadava dynasty
kuru dynasty → Kauravas+ Bharatha dynasty
DESCENDENTS OF KAURAVA
It is customary for the Naga migrants to south India and Srilanka to claim as descendants of Kaurava or Kurukula or Bharathakula. Karaiyar, Konda Karavas and other fishernen communities claim that they are descendents of Kauravas.. In India these Nagas pretend to be Tamils but in Sinhalese territories they always identify themselves as descendents of Kaurava or Bharatha.
WAR AGAINST NAGAS
Kalithokai an ancient Tamil literature describes a great war fought between combined armies of Dravidian Villavar Meenavar against Nagas. In that war Villavar Meenavar were defeated and Nagas occupied central India. This war could have happened at 700 BC. Nahusha ruled central India with Pratishthana at Mahararashtra as his Capital perhaps after this period.
NAGA MIGRANTS TO SOUTH INDIA
Various clans of Nagas migrated to south India and Srilanka especially to coastal areas.
1. Varunakulathor (Karave)
2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
3. Kauravas(Karave, Karaiyar)
4. Paradavar
5. Kalabhras(Kalappalar, Vellalar, Kallar)
6. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)
NAGA
ReplyDeleteGUHAN DESCENDENTS
The Guhan descendents belonged to the clan of Guhan, the mythical boatman Guhan at the banks of Sarayu river, a tributary of Ganges river. Guhan helped Lord Shree Rama to cross the Ganges river. Lord Shriram invited the Guhan clan to Ayodhya and gave them positions.
WAR WITH RAVANA
The Guhan clans formed part of Ayodhyas army who accompanied Lord Shrirama to southern India. Along with Vanara (Vanar - Banar) from Kishkinda the Guhan clans fought against Ravana. Ravana belonged to Iyakkar clan who were closely associated with Dravidian people and spoke Tamil. Ravana's uncle Sage Agasthya wrote grammar for Tamil called Agathiyam. Ravana could have ruled in the sixth century BC.
Mahabharatha mentions a Singhala King from Srilanka participating in Kurukshetra war and Rajasuya Yagnam. Vibishana snd Maya Danava, father in law of Ravana also lived in the Mahabharatham period. In 543 AD Vijaya established Singhalese kingdom. Thus Vibishana and a Singhala king coexisted at Srilanka according to Mahabharatham, possibly in the sixth century BC.
MARAVAR
Mattakalappu Manmiyam says that Maravars had been fishermen at the Ganges river who were invited to Ayodhya by Lord Shriram and were given positions in Ayodhya. Mattakalappu Manmiyam also says that Ayodhya ancestry meant Maravar. Later Maravar became the companions of Lord Shriram and came to south india. Along with Vanaras Maravar invaded and defeated Ravana. Mattakalappu Manmiyam praises Maravar as destroyers of Arakkar dynasty. Maravar and Vanarar might have fought with Ravana in the sixth century BC.
வீரனென்னும் பரதிகுல யிரகுமுன்னாள்வேட்டை சென்றெங்கள் குலமெல்லிதன்னைமாரனென்றணைத்தீன்ற சவலையர்க்குவருஇரகு நாடனென நாமமிட்டுபூருவத்தி லயோத்தி யுரிமையீந்துபோன பின்னர் சிறிராமர் துணைவராகிதீரரென்னுமரக்கர்குலம் வேரறுத்தசிவ மறவர்குலம் நானும் வரிசைகேட்டேன்(மட்டகளப்பு மான்மியம்)
Mattakalappu Manmiyam says that after this war at Lanka many Nagas started migrating to Srilanka.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteINVASION OF SRILANKA BY MURGUHAR
Murguhar from Ayodhya invaded Srilanka.
இலங்கையின் வனப்பைக் கேள்வியுற்று வடஇந்தியாவிலே அயோத்தியினின்றும் முற்குகர் இலங்கைக்குப் படையெடுத்து வந்தனர்.
(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
THREE BRANCHES OF GUHAN
According to Mattakalappu Manmiyam the three branches of Guhan were Singar Vangar and Kalingar. The Nagas moved along the Ganges eastwards and founded or joined the kingdoms at Bengal and Kalinga.
The three ancient kingdoms of Guhan clans were
1. Singar- Sinhala country at Bengal
2. Vangar - Bengal
3. Kalingar - Orissa
From these countries the Nagas started settling at the east coast of Tamilnadu and Ramnad and Srilanka.
THREE SUBCLANS OF GUHAN CLAN
By the merger of the Nagas from three Guhan branches Singar, Vangar and Kalingar three clans of Nagas emerged.
These were
1. Sinhalese
2. Maravar
3. Murguhar(Mukkuvar)
These three clans were called the Murkulathor or Mukkulathor or Mukkulathavar or Murguhar in Srilanka according to Mattakalappu Manmiyam. Because of this close relationship with Sinhalese, at the Mattakalappu ruled by Kandy's Kalingan kings, Mukkuvar were appointed as the regional Governor of Mattakalappu area called Podi . Mukkuvar governors called Arumakutty Podi and Kandappodi were mentioned in the Mattakalappu Manmiyam written in 1600s.
Similarly Maravar were appointed as Vanniya, administrators of the Mattakalappu area. However in the northern Tamil area, Yazhpanam Maravar or Mukkuvar could not occupy high offices. Guhan clans the Sinhalese, Maravar and Mukkuvar could be the early Naga migrants who might have migrated after the invasion of Vijayabahu in 543 BC.
INDIAN MUKKULATHOR
At India Maravar have distanced themselves from Mukkuvar and have joined Kalabhras and Thuluva Vellala at the South arcot area.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteNAGA DYNASTIES IN NORTH INDIA
Nagas were considered equal to Aryans in the early period. Nagas had high status and could become Indra. Many Naga dynasties ruled northindia. Shishunaga dynasty (413 to 345 BC) and Nanda dynasty (345 to 322 BC) were the last Naga dynasties to rule Northern India. But in the laterdays they became an oppressed class in the northern India. Nagas were sold as slave warriors to southern kingdoms. Nagas adoption of Buddhism from sixth century onwards might have caused their degradation.
BUDDHIST NAGAS
Nagas were closely associated with the Ikshvaku dynasty. The last king of Ikshvaku dynasty Prasanajit who ruled Kashi converted to Buddhism and became a disciple of Lord Buddha. After this period the Nagas revolted against the Aryan practices and converted themselves to Buddhism.
ARYAN REACTION
Pushyamitra Sunga(185 BC to 149 BC) a Brahmin - General of Maurya empire murdered the last king of Maurya dynasty Brihadratha Maurya. Pushyamitra Sunga established the Sunga dynasty. Pushyamitra Sunga persecuted the Buddhists, most of them were Nagas. Pushyamitra Sunga burned Buddhist scriptures and demolished Monasteries After this period Nagas were degraded.
Brahmins converted the New foreign invaders such as Scythian and Huna invaders to Hinduism. In the later period Jat clans and Rajputs perhaps originated from the foreign invaders. Mohyal Brahmins from Iraq seem to be originally Turkish people but now accepted as Brahmins. Nagas were pushed to a lower stratum in the North India. The persecution of Nagas could be one reason why there was mass migration of Nagar to Southern India. An other reason was the Scythian-Saka invasion in 150 BC.
NAGARS OF PADMAVATI(170 AD to 350 AD)
Nagas of central India, which was a hindu dynasty, rose again after the end of Kushana rule. Nagas from Vidisha extended their rule to Mathura. They were contemporaries of Saka rulers. In the end they were subjugated by the Gupta empire.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteINDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM(150 BCE to 400 AD)
Indo-Scythian invasion and their occupation of Sind, Ganges and Narmatha river valleys might have caused a large exodus ofKalwar from the Chedi kingdom. Kalwar from Chedi Kingdom were known as Kalappirar in the south India. North Indian Kalwar surnames Kalar, Kallar, Kaliyapala and Kalal closely resemble that of Kalappirar titles Kalvar, Kaliyar, Kallar and Kalappalar.
CHEDI KINGDOM
Chedi kingdom was situated at Madyapradesh at the banks of Ken river. Kalwar might have been the inhabitants of Chedi Kingdom. Kalwar might have migrated to ancient orissa and then to Tamilnad where they were known as Kalappirar or Kalappalar.
Kalwar might be the same people who founded Kalachuri kingdoms at Mahishmati in the 6th century and at Tripuri in the 10th century AD. Kalachuri soldiers used a type of knife called Churi. Churi Knife was used in Tamilnadu after the invasion of Kalappirar.
KING KHARAVELA(105 BC)
King Kharavela who was from the Chedi dynasty ruled Kalinga country in the second century BC. Kharavela occupied the northern Tamilnadu around 105 BC. The Kharavelas commanders who occupied northern Tamilnadu were known as Velir or Vel Alar or Karalar. Since they came from Kalinga the Vellalar were known as Kalinga Kulam. Vellalar were early Kalappirar who were also Known as Kalappalar. Kalappalar were the aristocracy of Kalappirar. Vellala have Pillai and Mudaliar surnames.
KALWAR KOMAN PULLI
In the early Christian era a Kalabhra ruler called Mavan Pulli also known as Kalvar Koman ruled at Thirupathi.
KALABHRA INVASION
In the third century the Kalappirar or Kaliar or Kalvar established their rule after defeating all the three crowned kings of Thamilakam Next three hundred years Tamilakam went into a dark age. The Kalabhra capital was at the Nandi hills near Bangalore. The descendents of Kalappirar are Kalappalar-Vellalar and Kallar community of Tamilnadu.
KALLAR
Puvindra puranam and Kalla Kesari Purannam claim that Kallar descended from Indra and Ahalya. Historically Kallar were the descendents of Kalabhra invaders in the third century AD.
Kallar, Maravar, Agamudaiyar and Vellalars are closely related Naga tribes who migrated from Gangetic river area to Tamilnadu in the third Tamil Sangam Period(500 BC to 300 AD). They claim to descent from Indra and Ahalya, wife of Rishi Gautma.
INDRA KULAM
Indra had an illicit relationship with Rishi Gautama's wife Ahalya. Ahalia bore Indra three sons, who respectively took the names Kalla, Marava, and Ahambadya. claim to be descendants of Thevan or Indra.(Mr. F. S. Mullaly )
But according to Ramakien, the Thai Ramayana the children of Ahalya through Indra was Bali and through Surya was Sugriva.
'கள்ளர் மறவர் கனத்ததோர் அகமுடையர் மெல்ல மெல்ல வெள்ளாளர் ஆனார்'
is an old saying.
kallar, Maravar and Ahambadiyar slowly became Vellalars. Thus Vellalar, Kallar, Maravar and Agambadiyar all belong to Indra Kulam.
This is the reason why in Kallar marriages the bridegroom has to confirn that he belongs to Indra kulam, Thalavala nadu, and Ahalya gotra. Ala means Naga. Thalavala nadu may mean Head of Naga country. Kallars practised Polyandry, a Naga custom.
KARAIYAR
Mattakalappu Mahanmiyam says that Karaiyar were impressed by the prosperity of Srilanka and started migrating to Srilanka. Karaiyar claim descendency from Kauvarava and Bharatha. Karaiyar might have migrated to Srilanka in the early third Sangam period around 300 BC.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteNAGAS IN SANGAM LITERATURE
Sangam Literature mentioned Maravar, Eyinar, Aruvalar, Oliar, Oviar, Paradavar were the ancient Naga migrants to Tamilnadu.
PARADAVAR
Paradavar call themselves Parvatha Rajakulam and also Bharathakula Kshatriyar. Parvatha clan was one of the Vedic clans at the Gangetic area. Parvatha clan was mentioned by Mahabharatha who were residing at the Northwest and also at the Gangetic areas in the sixth century BC. Paratarajas was an Iranian dynasty ruling over Baloochistan between first to third century AD. At Baloochistan a northern Dravidian language called Brahui is still spoken. Paradavar might have been displaced from their homeland at the first century AD. In the same period they appeared at the Sangam age Tamilnadu. Paradavar revolted against the Pandiyan rulers who were successful in defeating and suppressing them. Nedunjeliyan II at 210 AD defeated the Paradavar who refused to pay tax.
THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF SRILANKA
The people indigenous to Srilanka were Iyakkar. Iyakkar were a minor race of people who were ethnically different from Dravidian Villavar. But they intermixed with Asura-Dravidian people and they spoke Tamil. Other occupants of Srilanka were Dravidians-Asura people. The island was under the influence and control of Villavar dynasties ie Chera Chola Pandiyan dynasties. Agasthya Muni used to stay at the Agasthya malai in Tamilnadu. Sage Agasthya was the uncle of Iyakkar king Ravana.
A place called Komari exists at the south eastern Srilanka. A place called Madura exists at south central area from where a river called Madura oya(river) starts flowing. The places Komari and Madura could be related to the kumarikkandam the continent destroyed by deluge. The largest river in Srilanka was called Mahaweli Ganga. Mahabali was the ancestor of Villavar and Bana people of India. But when the Gangetic Nagas arrived they have added Ganga to it.
Srilankas old name itself was Thambapani, which was a variant of the name of Thamraparni river in Tamilnadu. The Iyakkar capital was at Thambapani when the Sinhalese prince Singabahu invaded the Srilanka in 543 BC. Srilanka was also called Serendib, a variation of Cherandeevu which was an indication of Chera king's sovergnity in Srilanka in the prehistorical era. Serendib is even now the official name of Srilanka. Prior to first Sinhala king Vijaya Bahu's arrival in 543 BC, many Nagas had been inhabiting Srilanka along with Iyakkar.
NAGA DWEEP
In the third Tamil Sangam period itself Srilanka was called Naga Nadu or Naga Theevu. The early Nagas often joined hands with the Iyakkar against the Sinhalese. Srilanka is a country of Buddhist Nagas, who have their origin at Gangetic river basin.
RISE OF BUDDHISM
Many of the Nagas who migrated to Srilanka could have been Buddhists already. When Ashokas sons Mahendra and Sangamitra arrived at Srilanka in during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (250 BC to 210 BC) who ruled from Anuradhapura at 250 BC most of the Srilankans were converted to Buddhism.
IYAKKAR NAGA WARS
The indigenous Iyakkar people were eventually defeated and suppressed. The Iyakkar clan fishermen called Thimilar were also defeated. But finally Thimilar were massacred with the help of Pattanis from Afghanistan in the 12fth century AD.
IYAKKAR MIGRATION TO KERALA
Many Iyakkar migrated to Kerala in the ancient times. Ezha Iyakkar became a supporting clan of Chera dynasty founded by Villavar clans. Iyakkar-Yakkar lords ruled over Kakkanad, Kumaranellur and Punalur areas. Ezha Iyakkar inscriptions are found at Kakkanad temple in the Ernakulam district.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteTHE AHICHATRAM NAGAS(345 AD)
In the Kadamba country in Karnataka a Brahmin called Mayurasharma Became a king and changed his name to Mayura Varma. Mayuravarma to strengthen himself brought Aryan Brahmins and Naga slave warriors from Ahichatram which was the ancient capital of Uttarapanchala country at 345 AD. These Naga slave warriors were known as Buntaru (bonded slaves).
These Nagas could be related to Newar people of Nepal. Laterday Nair architecture closely resembled Newar architecture. Newars practised Matriarchy earlier. Mayuravarma settled them at the coastal Karnataka. These Nagas mixed with the local Bana clans known as Banta(of Bana). Eventually both were called Bunts. Bunts, including Nairs had served Alupa kingdom at Mangalore.
GANGAR AND KONGAR
Gangetic area agriculturists called Gangar or Kongar(Gauda Gaundar) migrated to south india around second century AD. Gauda is an alternative name for Ganges. In Tamilnadu they were known as Kongu. Cilappatikaram mentioned that Cheran Cenkuttuvan defeated Kongu people in the second century AD. In 350 AD western Ganga kingdom was established at Karnataka after the southern invasion of Samudra Gupta.
During the rule of Western Ganga king Avinita(469 AD to 529 AD) Kongu was brought under Ganga dynaடsty and the Kongu Vellalar settled down at Kongu in the sixth century AD. Chera dynasty after losing Kongu territory shifted their capital from Karur to Kodungaloor. Kongu Vellalars are ethnically related to Gaudas of Karnataka, Gangadikara Vokkaliga. They are also related to Lingayaths of Karnataka by religeon hence they are also called as Lingaya Gaunders. They are not ethnically related to Vellalar and other Nagas. Kongu Vellalar had been the enemies of Villavar of Chera dynasty.
NAGPUR
Nagpur is considered a centre of Nagas. But in North India Nagars were forced to remain in a lower stratumUnlike their oppressed Naga counterparts in the Northern India, the Nagas in Kerala and Tamilnadu by allying with the Arabs and Delhi Sultanate had elevated themselves to a higher stratum but destroyed the local Dravidian Villavar culture.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteTHE RISE OF NAGAS
Until 12th century the Ahichatram Nagas of Tulunadu, the Nairs were serving their Tulu Kings subserviently. Similarly the Gangetic Nagas of Tamilnadu Vellalar, Kallar, Maravar and Agambadiyar were serving the Chola and Pandyan kingdoms subserviently.
But the Arrival of Arabs and Turks in the 12th century transformed Nagas considerably. In the North India many with Naga roots joined the armies of Turkish sultanate.
TULU INVASION
In 1102 AD Kerala's hindu Villavar kings faced threat from a Tulu Buddhist prince called Banapperumal. Banapperumal had been supported by Arabs who wanted to establish a sea base, port and a settlement in Kerala. Facing imminent Tulu invasion the Chera dynasty ruling at Kodungaloor shifted its capital to Kollam at 1102 AD. At 1120 AD Banapperumal brother of King Kavi Alupendra of alupa dynasty invaded Kerala with 350000 strong Nair army. In fact it was a mass migration of Nairs from Tulunadu to Kerala.
Banapperumal invaded Malabar, and occupied Northern Kerala without war.
Chera dynasty perhaps did not want to go to war with Arabs who had a powerful navy and their companions the Tulu-Nepalese Nagas.
Banapperumal established his capital at Valarpattinam near Kannur. After that He ruled from Kodungaloor which had been abandoned by the Chera dynasty in 1102 AD.
Banapperumal and some of his nephews embraced Islam religeon. Many Nairs converted to Islam religeon and a Matriarchal muslim community was established at Malabar. Banapperumal left for Arabia in 1156 AD after dividing Malabar and giving to his son Udayavarman Kolathiri and his three nephews born to his sister Sridevi. Thus a large Nair population had entered Kerala in the twelfth century with Arab support. Arabs continued to protect them until sixteenth century.
NAIRS
Nairs were Ahichatram Nagas, who practised many Naga customs like Matriarchy and Polyandry. Nairs had numerous snake temples called Sarpakavus, where they worshipped live snake.
Nairs were related to Bunt community of Tulunadu but not ethnically related to other Malayalis. At kerala they intermixed with Tamil clans such as Vellalar and Panickar.
Nair lords were called Madambi (Mada + Nambi), because of their place of origin Ahichatra Madasthana (high place) at Himalaya.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteMALIK KAFUR'S INVASION IN 1310 AD
In 1310 AD, Delhi's armies with its two lakh soldiers led by Malik Kafur attacked Panddyan Kingdom. Around Thiruchengodu places called Chanara Palayam and Panickar Palayam exist where the Pandyan armies were once stationed. Pandyan kingdom which had only an army with Fifty thousand and was defeated. In the following period Delhis armies hunted down Villavars. Many Villavars found refuge in the western Ghats others went to Srilanka.
NAGAS COLLUSION WITH DELHI SULTANATE
Many Nagas with Kalappirar lineage converted to islam religeon in that period. By this Vellalar, Kallar and Maravars were enabled to occupy the Chola clan and Pandyan clan lands.
After the defeat of Pandyan dynasty in 1310 AD by Malik Kafur, Nagas were elevated to a higher position. Eventthough they were Sudras, Nagas were elevated high above the indigenous Villavar clans. Till then Kerala and Tamilnadu had been ruled by Villavar clans. The reason for this is, bulk of the Nagas had allied with the invaders from Delhi and many nagas had embraced Islam religeon. Many Kallars were reconverted to hinduismட again after the establishment of Vijayanagara Naicker rulein 1377 AD but kallars retained some islamic customs such as circumcision.
MADURAI SULTANATE (1335 AD to 1377 AD)
When Madurai sultanate was founded in 1335 Kerala was given to Tulu Samantha-Nambuthiri dynasties. This empowered Nairs throughout Kerala again without war. Thus Nairs established their authority all over Kerala by becoming allies of Arabs, Delhi Sultanate and Madurai sultanate, without fighting any war.
At Tamilnadu Kallars and Vellalars joined the Madurai sultanate as allies and many embraced Islam religeon. The Kallar, Maravar, Ahambadiyar and Vellalar occupied Villavar lands in that period.
PARASHURAMA
Nambuthiris claimed that Parashurama created Kerala out of the sea by throwing his axe and gave it to them. In the earlier Tamil Chera dynasty period Parashurama was never mentioned in books or inscriptions. This is a ploy of Nambuthiries to claim the Dravidian lands of Villavar people. Parasurama who lived in Treta Yuga 2,163,102 BC to 867,102 BC never ventured south of Haihaya kingdom or Narmata river. In reality Kerala was given to Nambuthiris by Malik Kafur only. Arabs brought Tulu-Nepalese Brahmins inside Kerala in 1120 AD. Malik Kafur in 1310 AD after defeating Pandyan dynasty gave Kerala to the rule of Tulu-Nepalese dynasties of Namputhiris and Samanthas. This in turn led to thகe dominance of Ahichatram Nagas in Kerala.
FOUR TULU-NEPALESE KINGDOMS (1335)
Four Tulu Samantha kingdoms were established in them Nambuthiris had the right for sambandam with princesses. Thus these dynasties was Tulu Samantha+Nambuthiri dynasties.
1. Kolathiri dynasty
2. Samuthiri dynasty
3. Kochi dynasty
4. Attingal rani dynasty
SMALL NAIR KINGDOMS
Valluvanadu, Palakkadu and Thekkumkur kings were Nairs.
VALLUVA KONATHIRI
Valluvakonathiri moopil Nair was the king of Valluvanad. On each 12 years during the Mamangam festival Valluvanad Nairs attempted to Kill Samuthiri at the Utsavaparambu near Pattambi.
THAROOR SWAROOPAM
Tharoor swaroopam was the Palakkad kingdom ruled over by Nair kings called Sekhari Varmas. Prior to 1335 AD they were at Athavanad in Ponnani Thaluk of Malappuram district.
NAGA
ReplyDeleteOCCUPATION OF CHERA TEMPLES(1335 AD)
The Chera temples were occupied by Nagas in 1335 AD. Immediate response was the Villarvattom king and his Panickers converted to Christianity after 1339 AD which provoked an attack from Samudiri and Arabs on Chendanangalam in 1340 AD. Half of Villavars went to Srilanka and adopted Buddhism. Nearly 45 percent of remaining Hindus converted to other religions. The Dravidian Hinduism including Kannagi worship came to an end. A Nepalese style of Hinduism including alive Naga worship came into existence in Kerala.
EXODUS OF VILLAVARS(1350 AD)
The Delhis army continued to massacre the Villavars. Villavars took refuge in the western Ghats. Chanar Malai near Chenkotah was a jungle refuge used by Villavars for the next two hundred years. Many Villavar Panickars from Kerala went to Srilanka. Between 1350 to 1600 AD, Panicker armies of Kerala served the three kingdoms of Srilanka ie Kotte, Kandi and Yazhpanam kingdoms. Panikkars were converted to Buddhism and lost their individuality. Alagakonara who went from Vanchipura ie Kollam built the Colombo fort. He named it after the old name of Kollam, Kolambam. His son Vira Alakesvara of Gampola ruled Gambola near Colombo between 1387 to 1411 AD. Alagakonara family also had adopted Buddhism.
Sadasiva Panickan joined the Kotte kingdom as elephant trainer. Sadasivapanikkan married a lady from the royal family of Kotte. His son Senbahapperumal became the ruler of Kotte and Jaffna kingdoms, and adopted the royal title Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte (1469 AD to 1477 AD)The migration of Villavar armies to Srilanka and their religious conversion to Buddhismfurther weakened the Villavar people of India. The Tamil soldiers from Kerala because of their peculiar hair knot on top of the head were known as Kondaikkara Thamilar.
The Tamil soldiers from Kerala because of their peculiar hairstyle were known as Kondaikkara Thamilar.
IYAKKAR STAND AFTER 1335 AD
Keralas Ezha iyakkar population did not fight the Naga invaders and they had accepted a subordinate position. Some people of Villavar origin, Villavar, Panickars and Shannar joined Ezha Iyakkar and they became their leaders. These considerably weakened Villavars and took away their ability to retaliate.
VIJAYANAGARA NAICKAR ATTACK (1377 AD)
The Vijayanagara attack under Kumara Kambanna defeated and evicted the Madurai sultanate. During the Vijayanagara period many of the Kallars were reconverted to Hinduism. But many Kallars retained many Islamic customs until the end of 20th century.
1. Circumcision Piramalaikkallar boys were practising circumcision until late 20th century with feast and celebration
2. In Kallar marriages the bridegroom does not tie the thali but his sister ties the Thali around the neck of Bride.
3. Kallar Thali bears the Crescent and star symbol.
VANATHIRAYAR
Vijayanagara Nayaks appointed Banas of Bana kingdom in the Andhrapradesh as the rulers of Madurai. Mahabali Vanathirayars pretended to be Pandyas. A bana chieftain called Thol Mahavili Vanathirayar was kept on the Pandya throne by Vijayanagar commander Vittala in the fifteenth century.A Vanathirayar had called himself Pandyakylanthaka or destroyer of the Pandiyan dynasty. Vanathirayar(Vanniar, Vanavarayar, Vanakovaraiyar) were appointed as the leaders of Nagas of Tamilnadu. Later these Vanathirayars who were the leaders of Various Naga clans became Palayakkarar under Madurai Nayak rule. Vanathirayars were ethnically related to Telugu Balija Naickars but not related to any Naga clans. These Vanathirayars used the Thevar title. The Naga, Kalabhra and Tuluva Vellalas also started using the Thevar title.
Vijayanagara Naickars by effectively making Vanathirayars as naga clan chiefs controlled the Naga clans of Tamilnadu and by using the Naga armies antagonised the Villavar dynasties.
ReplyDeleteNAGA
THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL RULERS
The rightful owners of Tamilnadu and Kerala were Villavars and the rightful owners of Karnataka and Andhrapredesh were Banas. Villavar had ruled Tamilakam from time immemorial. Villavar had built all the temples in Kerala and Tailnadu. Banar were the northern cousins of Villavars and the arch enemies of Villavars.
Malik Kafur defeated Pandyan kingdom in 1310 AD which led to the rule of Tulu Bana-Nepalese rule in Kerala(1335) and also led to Balija (Bana) Naickar rule in Tamilnadu(1377). This also led to the rise of Nepalese Nagas in Kerala and the elevation of Gangetic Basin Nagas in Tamilnadu. The suppression of Villavars and elevation of Nagas was an Arab, Delhi Sultanate and Madurai Sultanate strategy.
The European colonial rulers readily accepted the Delhi sultanate's strategy of suppression of indigenous Dravidian Villavars and elevation of Nagas. The Portuguese supported North Indian Aryan Naga migrants to and also the foreign blooded Christians in Kerala. Dutch and British followed the same strategy of Delhi Sultanate.
Most of the colonial administrators were northen migrants. Thus Nagas had a golden age for 450 years in India and Srilanka . Nagas had come to south india as slaves or refugees. Nagas had been thiefs and robbers or slave warriors by profession in south India. Most of the criminal tribes in South India were Naga clans. But with the help of Muslim invaders and Europeans the Nagas were actually ruling south India after 1335.
Portuguese supported the Tulu-Nepalese rulers of Kerala. Europeans became protectors of Nagas of Kerala replacing the Delhi sultanate and Arabs .Europeans protected Nagas in Kerala for 450 years. Nagas had retained their high position until independence with European help.
Most of the foreign sailor traders and invaders such as Arabs, Turkish sultanate of Delhi and Europeans preferred non-native Tulu-Nepalese Naga-Samantha clans to indigenous villavar tamil rulers of Kerala.
In Tamilnadu Portuguese and Dutch converted many Nagas especially Marava and Vellalars to Christianity. British who came as allies of Arcot Nawab followed the same policies of Muslim invaders such as elevation of Nagas and Suppression of Villavars.
NAGA COLLUSION WITH SULTHANS AND BRITISH
MARUTHANAYAGAM PILLAI ALIAS YUSUF KHAN
Maruthanayagam Pillai (1725 to 1764 AD) was a Vellala commandant of the British East India Company's Madras Army. He had embraced Islam and adopted the name Yusuf Khan thereby he could gain the confidence of Chanda Sahib the Arcot Nawab and Hyderabad Nizam. Yusuf Khan married a Portuguese Christian or Luso-Indian girl named Marcia or Marsha. By marrying a Christian he could convince the British that his family was christian. British appointed him Tax collector of Madurai and Thirunelveli. But when Maruthanayagam Pillai tried to betray his British masters they hanged him. British raised his son a Christian.
VELLUVAKKAMMARAN NAMBIAR ALIAS SHEIKH MUHAMMAD AYAZ KHAN
Velluvakkammaran Nambiar (1713 to 1799) was a commander of Hyder ali who converted to Islam. Ayaz Khan became an adopted son and trusted lieutenant of Hyder Ali. Ayaz Khan was made the Governor of Chitradurga.
In 1778 Ayaz Khan was appointed as the Commander of Bednur Fort. Ayaz Khan in 1782 conspired with the British and handed over the Bednur Fort to British. After the surrender he lived at Bombay as a pensioner of British.
OLDEST DRAVIDIAN TRIBE IN TAMILNADU
ReplyDeleteVILLAVAR
Oldest Dravidian tribe in Kerala and Tamil Nadu are Villavar clans (Villavar Malayar Vanavar and Meenavar). In the rest of India Bana-Meena people who established Kingdoms throughout India in prehistory. The northern cousins of Villavar-Meenavar are Bana-Meenas and both of them are of Dravidian stock. Villavars established Pandyan kingdom in prehistory. Villavar subgroups Villavar, Malayar, Vananavar and their seagoing cousins Meenavar established Chera,Chola and Pandyan kingdoms.
Meenavar are twin clan of Villavar and ethnically not related to any Naga fishermen who appeared in the third century BC as refugees.
According to Sangam literature Pandiyan king Kaysina Vazhuthi established Pandyan kingdom at 9990 BC ie 11,971 years Before Present. Villavar are the oldest people in Tamilnadu since the beginning of civilization.
After the invasion of Malik Kafur of Delhi Sultanate in 1310 AD Villavar were massacred and their population declined.
VILLAVAR TITLES
Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadar, Santar, Chanar, Shanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chandar Perumbanar, Panickar, Thiruppappu, Kavara (Kavurayar), Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mara Nadar, Nattathi, Pandiyakula Kshatriya, Nelamakkarar etc.
NAGA MIGRATION
Nagas were of a different race from Aryans and Dravidians. Aryans and Nagas were closely associated and their language was Devanagari(Hindi). Nagas who were equal to Aryans in the earlier period when Naga Nahusha became Indra. Yadavas Pandava and Kaurava descend from Nahusha. But in the latterdays Nagas were enslaved by Aryans and occupied a lower stratum in the Aryan society.
Kalithokai an ancient Sangham literature describe a great war fought between Dravidian Villavar-Meenavar against Nagas in which Nagas won the battle and Villavar-Meenavar lost central India to Nagas.
From 500 BC onwards Naga tribes started migrating to southern India. But Villavar kings succeded in subjugating most of them. Most of the Nagas arrived during the third Tamil Sangam period. Various Nagas who migrated to South IndiaMaravar, Eyinar, Oviar, Oliar, Aruvalar Paradavar etc
1. Varunakulathor Kauravas (Karave, Karaiyar)
2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
3. Paradavar
4. Kalabhras(Kalappalar, Vellalar, Kallar)
5. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)
1.Varunakulathor or Kauravas (500 BC)
a.Karave
b.Karaiyar
Varunakulator claim descendency from legendary Kauvarava. After their defeat in the Kuurukshetra war some of the Kauravas migrated to south. In Tamil areas they are known as Karaiyar and Sinhalese areas they are known as Karave.
2. GUHAN KULATHOR (543BC)
a.Maravar
b.Murguhar or Mukkuvar
c.Sinhalese
According to mattakalappu Mahanmiyam Guhankulathor belonged to three clans ie Vangar, Singar and Kalingar who were known as Murguhar, Murkulathor or Mukkulathor. The Nagas migrated along Ganges to Bengal and then to Kalinga to establish three kingdoms ie Vangar, Singar and Kalingan kingdoms. From these kingdoms they migrated to Srilanka and adjoining areas of India ie Ramnad.
MARAVAR
According to Mattakalappu Mahanmiyam Maravas were fishermen at the Ganges who were invited by Lord Sri Rama to Ayodhya and were given positions. Maravas accompanied Lord Sri Rama and fought the war against Ravana around suxth century BC. Laterdays Maravas and other Naga tribes migrated to Srilanka and adjoining areas of India.
வீரனென்னும் பரதிகுல யிரகுமுன்னாள்வேட்டை சென்றெங்கள் குலமெல்லிதன்னைமாரனென்றணைத்தீன்ற சவலையர்க்குவருஇரகு நாடனென நாமமிட்டுபூருவத்தி லயோத்தி யுரிமையீந்துபோன பின்னர் சிறிராமர் துணைவராகிதீரரென்னுமரக்கர்குலம் வேரறுத்தசிவ மறவர்குலம் நானும் வரிசைகேட்டேன்
(மட்டகளப்பு மான்மியம்)
Srilankan Mukkulathor are
a.Maravar
b.Mukkuvar
c.Sinhalese
Indian Mukkulathor are
a.Maravar
b.Kallar
c.Ahamudaiyar
ReplyDeleteOLDEST DRAVIDIAN TRIBE IN TAMILNADU VILLAVAR
3. PARADAVAR (270 BC)
Pārada kingdom was a Naga kingdom in the Baloochistan in Pakistan ruled by Parvatha Raja Kulam a Naga tribe. Parathavar migration might have started after the estabishment of Indo-Greek kingdom was established in 326 BC.
Later Parada kingdom was occupied by Paratarajas a Parthian dynasty from Iran, in the first century ad displacing Paradavar. Paradavar reached and settled in the coastal regions in the 3rd century BC.
Chola king Ilanchetchenni(301 BC) defeated Paradavar
தென் பரதவர் மிடல் சாய, வடவடுகர் வாளோட்டிய(புறநாநூறு)
Pandiyan Parantaka Nedunchelian(270 BC) vanquished Parathavar as mentioned in Velvikkodi Plates.
நெல்வேலிச் செருவென்றும்
விரவி வந்தடையாத
பரவரை பாழ்படுத்தும்
அறுகாலினம் புடை திளைக்குங்
குறுநாட்டவர் குலங்கெடுத்தும்
(வேள்விக்குடிச்செப்பேடு)
Paradavar revolted against Pandiyan Nedunjeliyan II at 210 AD who defeated the Paradavar who refused to pay tax.
செழியன் பரதவரை வென்றமை
செற்ற தெவ்வர் கலங்கத் தலைச்சென்று,
அஞ்சு வரத் தட்கும் அணங்குடைத் துப்பின்,
கோழ் ஊஉன் குறைக் கொழு வல்சி,புலவு வில்,
பொலி கூவை,ஒன்று மொழி, ஒலி இருப்பின்,
தென் பரதவர் போர் ஏறே!
(மதுரைக் காஞ்சி: மாங்குடி மருதனார்)
(Pandyan dynasty was established by Dravidian Villavar-Meenavar people. Paradhavar or other Naga fishermen are not ethnically related to Villavar-Meenavar people or Pandyan dynasty.
4.KALABHRAS (250 AD)
(Kalappalar, Vellalar, Kallar)
Kalabhras are North Indian Kalwar from Chedi Kingdom. Kalwar titles are Kalar, Kalyapala,Kalwar etc. Kalwar first might have migrated to Orissa where they established a Chedi dynasty at 100 BC.
Kharavela occupied northern Tamilnadu where Vel+Alar became feudal lords. In 250 AD Kalappirar occupied Chera, Chola and Pandyan Kingdoms.
5.AHICHATRAM NAGAS (NAIR)(345 AD)
Kadamba king Mayuravarma brought Naga slave warriors from Ahichatram the capital of Uttara Panchala country(Ancient Nepal) in 345 AD. Buying Nepalese slaves and training them in warfare was in vogue in Karnataka. They were known as Bantharu or Bonded people.
Mayuravarma settled the Nagas at the coastal Karnataka, Tulunadu. Nairs were subgroups of Tulunadu's Bunt community. Bunts fought for whichever kingdom paid them.
In 1120 AD a Tulu invader called Banapperumal invaded Kerala with Arab support. Banapperumal attacked Kerala with 350000 numbered Nair army (a mass migration) and occupied Malabar area (Kasaragod,Kannur,Kozhikode and Malappuram district)
Facing Tulu invasion Villavar Chera dynasty had changed its capital from Kodungaloor to Kollam in 1102 AD. Nairs and Nambuthiris allied with arabs and Delhi sultanate.
After the invasion of Malik kafur in 1310 AD Nairs occupied all Kerala with Turkish support.
OLDEST DRAVIDIAN TRIBE IN TAMILNADU VILLAVAR
ReplyDeleteGAUNDER (520 AD)
GANGAR AND KONGAR
Gangetic area agriculturists called Gangar or Kongar (Gauda Gaundar) migrated to south india around second century AD. Gauda is an alternative name for Ganges. In Tamilnadu they were known as Kongu. Cilappatikaram mentioned that Cheran Cenkuttuvan defeated Kongu people in the second century AD.
In 350 AD western Ganga kingdom was established at Karnataka after the southern invasion of Samudra Gupta. During the rule of Western Ganga king Avinita (469 AD to 529 AD) Kongu was brought under Ganga dynasty and the Kongu Vellalar settled down at Kongu in the sixth century AD.
Chera dynasty after losing Kongu territory shifted their capital from Karur to Kodungaloor. Kongu Vellalars are ethnically related to Gaudas of Karnataka, Gangadikara Vokkaliga. They are not ethnically related to Vellalar and other Nagas.
Kongu Vellalar were the enemies of Villavar of Chera dynasty.
There were two Ganga Kingdoms.
1.Western Ganga Kingdom
2.Eastern Ganga Kingdom
1. WESTERN GANGA DYNASTY (350 AD to 1000 AD)Western Ganga rulers ruled from southern Karnataka adhacent to Kongu area. The southern migration of Gangetic people occur through Orissa (Kalinga, Odda) to Karnataka.
2.EASTERN GANGA DYNASTY (505 AD to 1434 AD)
The Kalinga chieftains were leaders of Kongu Vellala community.
KONGU AREA
Though the Western Ganga dynasty was established in 350 AD the Kongu region was occupied by Kongu Vellala Gaunders only after 520 AD during the rule of Ganga king Avinitha. During the Sangam age Kongu Vellalars were not there at Kongu area. Following the occupation of Kongu area by Ganga people ie the Kongu Vellala Gaunder, the capital of Chera dynasty was shifted from Karuvoor to Kodungaloor in Kerala.
A minor branch of Chera dynasty called Kongu Chera dynasty continued to rule from Ummattur until 1400 AD.
Later Chera dynasty recaptured Kongu area and reestablished their rule at Kong area at 800 AD. After 1000 AD Cholas and after 1200 Pandyan empire subjugated and annexed Kongu region. The leader of Kongu Vellala Gaunders under Pandyan empire was Kalinga Rayan. Kalingarayan who was appointed by Pandyan king Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II as Chieftain of Kongu region wasa Lingaya Gaunder. This indicates the Gaunder origin in Kalinga country who might have adopted Veera Shaiva/Lingayat religeon.
During Naicker rule Kongu area was ruled by Bana chieftains such as Vanathirayar or Vanavarayar.
KONGU VELLALA GAUNDER
Two major divisions were
1.Vellala Gaunder
2.Vettuva Gaunder
Gaunders are basically north Indian agriculturists who came from the banks of Ganga (Gauda) river. Their migration could be the result of multiple invasions like that of Greek, Scythian, Kushana and Huna. Gaunders dont have common origin with rest of the Tamils. But they might have some intermixture with local Tamils in the recent times.
Vellala-Kalappalar-Kalabhra migration from Chedi kingdom to Kalinga country ruled by King Kharavela occured in second century BC. Vellalas are also known as Kalinga Vellalar. But Vellala are ethnically different from Gaunders.
Gaunders were known by their affiliation to various Tamil Kingdoms. Ie Cheran Koottam, Cholan Koottam or Pandyan Koottam. But Gaunders are not ethnically related to Villavar clans (Villavar,Vanavar,Malayar and Meenavar) who founded Chera, Chola and Pandyan kingdoms.
Maravar are Nagas, Guhankulathor who were fishermen at the Banks of Ganges. They migrated to Tamilakam after 500 BC
ReplyDeleteKallar area Kalabhras who are related to north Indian Kalwar caste from Chedi Kingdom. Kallar occupied Tamilakam in 250 AD.
Ahamudaiyar are Kallar+Maravar+Tuluva Vellalar
Vellala descend from Kalappalar a branch of Kalappirar and also Kallar,Maravar and Ahamudaiyar who joined Vellalar.
Naga-Kalabhras were northern Naga migrants to Chera Chola Pandyan Kingdoms founded by Dravidian Villavar people.
வில்லவர் மற்றும் பாணர்
ReplyDeleteநாகர்களுக்கு எதிராக போர்
__________________________________________
கலித்தொகை என்ற ஒரு பண்டைய தமிழ் இலக்கியம் நாகர்களுக்கும் வில்லவர் -மீனவர்களின் ஒருங்கிணைந்த படைகளுக்கும் இடையே நடந்த ஒரு பெரிய போரை விவரிக்கிறது. அந்தப் போரில் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டு நாகர்கள் மத்திய இந்தியாவை ஆக்கிரமித்தனர்.
நாகர்களின் தெற்கு நோக்கி இடம்பெயர்வு
நாகர்களின் பல்வேறு குலங்கள் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் ஸ்ரீலங்காவுக்கு குறிப்பாக கடலோர பகுதிகளுக்கு குடிபெயர்ந்தனர்.
1. வருணகுலத்தோர் (கரவே)
2. குகன்குலத்தோர் (மறவர், முற்குகர், சிங்களர்)
3. கவுரவகுலத்தோர் (கரையர்)
4. பரதவர்
5. களப்பிரர்கள் (கள்ளர், களப்பாளர், வெள்ளாளர்)
6. அஹிச்சத்ரம் நாகர்கள்(நாயர்)
இந்த நாகர்கள் வில்லவர்களின் முக்கிய எதிரிகள் ஆவர். நாகர்கள் டெல்லி சுல்தானேட், விஜயநகர நாயக்கர்கள் மற்றும் ஐரோப்பியர்கள் காலனித்துவ ஆட்சியாளர்களுடன் கூடி பக்கபலமாக இருந்து வில்லவர்களை எதிர்த்தனர், இது வில்லவர் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்தது.
கர்நாடகாவின் பாணர்களின் பகை
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பொதுவான தோற்றம் இருந்தபோதிலும் கர்நாடகாவின் பாணர்கள் வில்லவர்களுக்கு எதிரிகளாயிருந்தனர்.
கி.பி 1120 இல் கேரளாவை துளுநாடு ஆளுப அரசு பாண்டியன் இராச்சியத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பாணப்பெருமாள் அராபியர்களின் உதவியுடன் ஆக்கிரமித்தார்.
கி.பி 1377 இல் பலிஜா நாயக்கர்கள் தமிழ்நாட்டை ஆக்கிரமித்தனர். வில்லவரின் சேர சோழ பாண்டியன் இராச்சியங்கள் விஜயநகர சாம்ராஜ்யத்தின் பலிஜா நாயக்கர்களால் (பாணாஜிகா, ஐந்நூற்றுவர் வளஞ்சியர் என்னும் மகாபலி பாணரின் சந்ததியினர்) அழிக்கப்பட்டன.
வில்லவர்களின் முடிவு
1310 இல் மாலிக் காபூரின் படையெடுப்பு பாண்டிய வம்சத்தின் தோல்விக்கு வழிவகுத்தது. வில்லவர்கள் படுகொலை செய்யப்பட்டனர், மேலும் மூன்று தமிழ் ராஜ்யங்களும் முடிவுக்கு வந்தன.
கர்நாடகாவின் பாண்டியன் ராஜ்யங்கள்
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கர்நாடகாவில் பல பாணப்பாண்டியன் ராஜ்யங்கள் இருந்தன
1. ஆலுபா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
2. உச்சாங்கி பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
3. சான்றாரா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
4. நூறும்பாடா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்.
கர்நாடக பாண்டியர்கள் குலசேகர பட்டத்தையும் பயன்படுத்தினர். நாடாவா, நாடாவரு, நாடோர், பில்லவா, சான்றாரா பட்டங்களையும் கொண்டவர்கள்.
ஆந்திரபிரதேச பாணர்கள்
ஆந்திராவின் பாண ராஜ்யங்கள்
1. பாண இராச்சியம்
2. விஜயநகர இராச்சியம்.
பலிஜா, வாணாதிராஜா, வாணாதிராயர், வன்னியர், கவரா, சமரகோலாகலன் என்பவை வடுக பாணர்களின் பட்டங்களாகும்.
பாண வம்சத்தின் கொடிகள்
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முற்காலம்
1. இரட்டை மீன்
2. வில்-அம்பு
பிற்காலம்
1. காளைக்கொடி
2. வானரக்கொடி
3. சங்கு
4. சக்கரம்
5. கழுகு
திருவிதாங்கூர் மன்னர்கள் சங்கு முத்திரையுடன் ஒரு கொடியைப் பயன்படுத்தினர். ஏனென்றால், அவர்கள் கர்நாடகாவின் துளுநாட்டில் ஆலுபா வம்சத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள். சேதுபதி அனுமன் சின்னத்துடன் ஒரு கொடியைப் பயன்படுத்தினார். அதற்கு காரணம் அவர் பாண - கலிங்க வாணாதிராயர் ஆவர்.
THE TITLES OF VILLAVAR-BANA DYNASTIES
ReplyDeleteVillavar and Bana clans were native Asura Dravidian ruler dynasties of India.
VILLAVAR AND BANAS
The Villavar and their northern cousins Banas were Dravidian ruler clans of India and Srilanka. Villavar and Banas descended from the clan of ancient Asura king Mahabali. Villavar subgroups were Villavar, Malayar and Vanavar. The seagoing cousins of Villavar were Meenavar. The merger of Villavar, Malayar, Vanavar and Meenavar clans created the Villava Nadazhwar or Nadar clans. Villavar and Banas ruled whole of India and Srilanka in the ancient times.
The various clans of Villavar-Bana dynasty are
1. Danava
2. Daitya
3 Bana
4. Bhil
5. Meena
6. Villavar
7. Meenavar
TITLES OF VILLAVAR OF CHERA CHOLA PANDIYAN KINGDOMS
Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadazhwar, Nadar, Nadan, Nadanmar, Nadakkamar, Santar, Chantor, Chanar, Shanar, Puzhukkai Chanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chanthakar, Chanthar, Chandar Perumbanar, Panickar, Panickkanadar, Annavi, Thiruppappu, Kavara, Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mootha Nadar, Marava Nadar, Kshatriya Nadar, Maran, Mara Nadar, Maravarman, Mukkandar, Moopar, Gramony, Nattathi, Karukkupattayathar, Kodimarathar, Kalla Chantar, Chedi Rayar, Chervaikkarar, Ezhachantar, Enathy, Asan, Sivanthi, Athithan, Adichan, Pandiyan, Pandiyakula Kshatriyar, Pandiya Thevar, Ravikula Kshatriyar, Nelamakkarar, Thevar, Kulasekhara, Kulasekhara Thevar, Villavar, Villar, Villavarayar, Vanavar, Vanniar, Malayar, Malayaman, Malayan Chantar, Meenavan, Chera, Magathai Nadazhwar, Makothai Nadazhwar, Nadavar, Nattavar, Nattar, Menattar, Chozhan, Chozha Thevar,, Chembian, Athiyar, Chonattar, Pandiya, Panayan, Panaya Maran, Panantharakan, Manattar, Nelveli Maran, Seeveli, Maveli, Kooveli etc
EZHAVA
Sannar, Panickar, Illathu Pillai, Illava, Thandan, Yakkar, Iyakkar, Chevakar
VILLARVETTOM KINGDOM OF SYRIAN CHRISTIANS
Maveli, Panickar, PanickarveetilVilledathu, Villadath,Vichatel, Ambadan, Pariyadan, Painadathu, Pynadath, Padayattil, Padamadan, Padayadan Panayathara, Pullan, Kolattu, Kovattukudi, Korattukudy, Kooveli, Cheradayi, Muvattu, Menacherry, Ezharathu, Manavalan, Manadan, Mannattu, Mazhuvanchery, Thandappilly, Veliath, Peruvanchikudy
SRILANKAN VILLAVAR
Villavar, Nadar, Chandar, Chanar, Chantar, Kottai Chantar, Yanaikkara Chantar, Kayittu Chantar, Nambi, Nalavar, Kottaivasal Nalavar, Panchamar, Chevakar, Bantari
YAZHPANAM ARIYACHAKRAVARTHI DYNASTY
Villavarayar, Kalinga Villavar, Panickar, Vanniar
KANDY KINGDOM
Kalinga Villavan, Dananjaya, Panickanar, Panickkar.
KOTTE KINGDOM
Villavar, Panickar.
BANAPPANDIYAN KINGDOMS OF KARNATAKA
Villavar = Bana, Bhilla, Bhillava
Nadar = Nador, Uppu Nador, Torke Nador
Nadalvar = Nadavara, Nadavaru, Nadava
Santar = Santara, Santha, Canta, Chanta, Santhara and Santa
Vanavar = Bana, Bantari, Bant, Bunt, Buntaru, Bhannaya
Malayar = Maleya
Meeenavar= Machiarasa
Chanar = Channa
Sanar = Sanna, Masana Masannaya
Pandiyan=Pandiya
Pandiya Thevar = Pandiya Deva
Udaiyar=Vodeya, Odeya, Odeyarasa
ALUPA PANDIYAN DYNASTY
Nadava, Banta, Buntaru, Pandya, Alva, Aluva, Dananjaya , Kulasekhara, Kulasekharadeva, Alupendra, Pattiyodeya, Pandyarajah Ballal, Bhannaya, Maleya, Bhillava, Banan, Bangera, Kunda
UCHANGI PANDYAN KINGDOM
Pandiya
IKKERI NAYAKA
Nayaka, Bananja, Balija
SANTARA PANDIYAN DYNASTY
Pandiya, Bana, Bhilla, Santara, Santha, Canta, Chanta, Santhara and Santa Machiarasa, ChannaSanna, Masana MasannayaVodeya, Odeya, Bhairarasa, Deva
NURUMBADA PANDIYA
Pandiya, Bhilla, ChannaSanna, Odeyarasadeva, Deva, Devarasa
KONKAN PANDYAN KINGDOM
Pandiya, Nadavara
GOA KADAMBA KINGDOM
Pandiya, Uppu Nador, Torke Nador, Bantari, Saluva
VIJAYANAGARA NAICKERS OF ANEGUNDI-KISHKINDA
Nayaka, Naickar, Devarayar, Balija, Bananjika, Bananja, Valanchiyar, Ayyavolu, Ainnoottuvar, Ayyar, Ayyamgar, Bana, Vanar, Vanarar
THE TITLES OF VILLAVAR-BANA DYNASTIES
ReplyDeleteBANA KINGDOM OF ANDHRA
Bana, Mahabali Vanathi Rayar, Mahavili Vanathirayar, Vanniar Vanathiraja, Vanava Rayar, Vana Adiyar, Sanna, Balija, Naicker, Manavalan, Kanda Gopalan, Choda
KOLAR BANA KINGDOM
Bana,Vanathirayar, Vanar, Mahabali Vanathirayar, Vanniar Mudiyeda Manavalan, Thirumaliruncholai Vana, Ponparappinan.
GOUD
Setti Balija
KALINGA BANA KINGDOM- RAMNAD- ARYACHAKRAVARTHI KINGDOM
Gangai Pillai Vanathirayar, Pillai Kulasekhara Vanathirayar, Vanniyar, Kalinga Villavan, Dananjaya, Makone, Kulasekhara, Singai Ariyan
MAHARASHTRA
Bhantari
NORTH INDIAN BANA-MEENA KINGDOMS
VILLAVAR -MEENAVAR TITLE AND BHIL-MEENA TITLES
1. VIllavar = Bhil
2. Malayar= Mer, Mehr, Mehar, Meron, Mewar, Mevasi, Gomaladu
3. Vanavar= Bana, Vana
4. Meenavar= Meena
5. Nadar, Nadalwar= Nadhala, Natharwal
6. Santar, Chandar= Chanda
7. Chera = Seroh
MEENA DYNASTY OF RAJASTHAN
Chanda, Chanda Meena, Meena, Bhil-Meena, Nadala, Nadhala, Nattala, Natharwal, Nattharwal, Gomaladu, Sihra, Seroh
BHIL CLANS
Bhil, Bhil Meena, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava and Vasave.
BANA MERCHANTS OF NORTH INDIA
BANIA
Baaniya, Bania, Vania, Vaishnav Vania, Gupta
RAJPUT CLANS
Agnivanshi Rajputs, Chauhan
PANDYAS OF KUNDESHWAR BANPUR TIKAMGARH MADHYA PRADESH
Pandya, Panda, Pandyas of Kundeshwar, Baghwar Kshatriya, Bhagwar Rajput,
TIRGAR
Agni, Vanni, Tirbanda, Tirbonda, Tirgala, Banawadi, Bani Sad, Banwati, Kamanagar, Kamangar, Kamnagar, Ransaz, Tidgad, , Tirkar, Tirmali, Tirwar, Titkar, Tridar
PALLAVA BANA OF PANCHALA COUNTRY AND TAMILNADU
Vanniar, Vanniya Kula Kshatriyar, Agnikula Kshatriar, Kaduvetty, Thigalar, Vada Balija, Chavalakkarar, Chavalar, Vanne Kapu, Palle Kapu, Naicker, Vannia Gaunder
BANA KINGDOM OF SONITPUR ASSAM
Asura, Bana, Mahabali
TITLES OF BANA CLANS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Mahabali, Danava, Daitya, Asura
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CHANTHA BALAN
ReplyDeleteChantha Balan or Chanthu Balan clan belong to a subgroup of Malayali Nadars. Chantha Balan clan claim that they migrated from Madurai to Travancore few hundred years ago.
The word Chantha Balan might mean son of Chantha or Santar.
DECLINE OF THE PANDYAN DYNASTY
The Madurai Pandiyan dynasty came to an end when the last Pandiyan king Chandrasekhara Pandiyan was killed by Viswanatha Naicker who established the Madurai Nayak dynasty in 1529 AD.
Many Pandiyan clans migrated towards south to places such as Sivakasi, Thirunelveli and Tuticorin.
THE ANTAGONISM OF TIRUMALA NAYAKA
Tirumala Nayaka who ruled Madurai between 1623 AD to 1659 AD was hostile to Pandiyan clans of Villavars. Pandiyan clans were also known by the names Chantar or Chanthakar. Thirumalai Naicker ordered all the Pandiyan clans to leave Pandiyan territory and especially from Madurai.
The Pandiyan princes were made to swear by the name of God that they will never return to Pandiyan country again. Their foreheads were smeared with Vermilion.
DEGRADATION OF NADARS
All the Villavar clans including Nadars were deprived of all their former privileges and they were downgraded as outcastes in that period in the Naicker kingdom. Those Nadars who still remained in their Pandiyan kingdom which had been ruled by their ancestors were treated as outcastes for the next four hundred years.
RISE OF NAGA CLANS
At the Pandiyan country the power of Villava Nadars declined and the Naga clans such as Kallar, Maravar and Vellalar who were migrants from north had became dominant.
Many of the Pandiyan clans left for Kerala and Srilanka.
CHANTHU BALAN CLAN
A group of Malayali Nadars called Chanthu Balans who claimed to have migrated from Madurai were found at Travancore.
Many Nadars from the Chanthu Balan clan have disappeared because of their intermixture with other Nadars, and also due to emigration to other countries.
The conversion of Chandu Balan clan to Christianity, led to the loss of their Pandiyan identity.
A few Chanthu Balans are still found among Malayali Nadars.The Chanthu Balan or Chantha Balan clan might have come to Kerala as refugees during the rule of Thirumalai Naickers period between 1623 AD to 1659 AD.
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SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY
ReplyDeleteSantara Pandians who ruled Karnataka were the northern cousins of Nadars alias Santars of Villavar lineage. Santara Pandiyan clan was a branch of Kadamba Banappandiyan dynasty which ruled from Banavasi.
KADAMBA DYNASTY
Kadamba dynasty kings belonged Bana dynasty also known as Banappandiyan dynasty. Kadamba dynasty ruled from northern Karnataka with Banavasi as their capital. Banas were Northern cousins of Villavar who ruled Chera, Chola Pandyan dynasties. Thus Santara Pandiyan dynasty were northern relatives of Villavar Nadalvar-Nadar clans.
Kadambas were jungle dwellers similar to Vanavar subgroup of Villavars. Vanavar used tree insignia on their flags and in latter days Tiger insignia. Both Tree and Tiger were related to Jungle. Similarly Kadambas used Kadamba tree on their flags. Kadamba capital was known as Vanavasi or Banavasi. Kadambas and other Bana dynasties though related to Villavars were the arch enemies of Villavars.
KADAMBA ATTACK OF CHERA DYNASTY
Ancient Chera dynasty was repeatedly attacked by Kadambas of Banavasi. Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (130 AD to 188 AD) claims to have defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi and also to have cut down the Kadamba tree which was the Royal identity of the Kadambas.
CLANS OF KADAMBA
The Banappandiyan dynasty of Kadambas had two Royal clans
1. Nurumbada Pandiya
2. Santara Pandiya
Nurumbada Pandiyan clans ruled from Nurumbada territory. Nurumbada meant one hundred paddyfields is Villages.
Santara Pandiyan clans ruled from Santalige territory. Santalige meant House of Santar clans.
Banas were the northern cousins of Villavars. Banas had similar Royal titles as the Villavar clans. Bana is the Sanskritised form of Villavar.
Villavar = Bana Bhilla, Bhillava
Nadar = Nador, Uppu Nador,Torke Nador
Nadalvar = Nadavara, Nadava
Santar = Santara, Santha, Canta, Chanta, Santhara and Santa
Vanavar = Bana, Bantari, Bant
Malayar = Maleya
Meeenavar=Machiarasa
Chanar = Channa
Sanar = Sanna, Masana Masannaya
Pandiya=Pandiya
Udaiyar=Vodeya, Odeya
SANTARA DYNASTY
First references about Santharas were in the inscriptions installed by the Chalukyan king Vinayaditya in 682 AD. Santara dynasty was also called as Cantas, Chanta, Santhara, Santa and Santha.
JINADATTA RAYA
Jinadatta Raya or Jindutt Rai, who was a Jain prince from Mathura in Northern India was the supposed founder of the Santara dynasty in 800 AD. Northern Mathura might have been a Banappandiyan kingdom.
Prince Jinadattaraya was peeved at the way he was treated by his father and decided to leave Mathura, carrying only the idol of Goddess Padmavati with him.
At 800 AD, Santara Pandiyans of Kadamba dynasty were split into two groups. One group of Santaras had preferred to remain at their Royal house at Banavasi. Another group of Santara Pandiyans moved to Hombuja, modern Humcha which became their new capital.
SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY
ReplyDeleteHOMBUJA
Hombucha was known as Golden Bit and it was also called in various inscriptions asPomburchchha, Patti Pomburchchha and Pombuchcha.
Humcha which was also called Pattipomburchhapura wbich had been thestronghold of the Kadamba of Banavasi between 3rd to 6th centuries AD and Chalukyas of Badami between 5th to 8th centuries AD.
Humcha became the capital of the Santara dynasty and the principality came to known as Santalige -1000 under the Chalukyas later.
Jinadattaraya migrated to the town of Humcha with an idol of the Jain deity Padmavati, laying the foundation of the Santara kingdom in Humcha. He also built many Jain temples at Humcha.
Prince Jinadattaraya reached a place where he rested under the lakki (Indrani) tree. As he slept, Goddess Padmavati appeared in his dream and instructed him to establish his Kingdom at this place. In the dream, the Goddess asked him to touch her image with his horse's 'bit' part of the bridle in the horse mouth. Jinadatta touched the Idol with the bridle horse bit, which was instantly changed into gold and brought him good fortune. The site of this miracle was henceforth referred to as Hombucha or Golden Bit.
Santaras were Jains and had matrimonial relations with the Saivite Alupa royal family. Both Santara dynasty and Alupa dynasty were Banappandiyan dynasties. Santara dynasty promoted Digambara Jain sect.
VIKRAMA SANTHA
In 897 AD King Vikrama Santha built a Jain temple called Gudda Basadi and installed the idol of Lord Bahubali.
Vikrama Santha had built a separate residence to his Guru Mouni Siddantha Bhattaraka who belonged to kunda Kundanvaya tradition in 897 AD.
On top of the nearby hill, high above the mutt, there is another ancient basadi dedicated to Bahubali, which was constructed in 898 AD by Vikramaditya Santara. Muttinakere, where River Kumudavathi originates from, is nearby.
BHUJABALI SANTHA
Bhujabali Santha had built a Jain temple at Hombuja and had named it after himself. Further, he had donated the village Harivara for the well being of his guru Kanakanandi deva.
SANTARA KING OF KADAMBA COUNTRY
In 934 Santara became the king of Kadamba kingdom. Thus Banavasi Rule of Kadamba king Kalivittarasa Interrupted for one year when Santara was ruling over Banavasi.
MACHIYARASA
In 954 Machiyarasa was ruling in Narakki area Banavasi 12000. Meenavar were called as Machiarasa in the Banappandiyan kingdoms.
SANTARAS, VASSALS OF CHALUKYAS
Around 990 AD Santara Pandiyans of Hombuja and Nurumbada Pandiyans who remained at Kadamba kingdom became vassals of Chalukyas of Kalyani.
SANTALIGE 1000 DIVISION
In 990 Shantara country of Hombuja-Humcha was made a separate province called Santalige 1000 division. It happened towards the end of the 10th century or early 11th century when Hombuja was under the Chalukyas of Kalyani.
After this period Santara country, became Vassal country of many powerful kingdoms such as, The Chalukyas of Kalyani, Rashtakutas,Hoysalas, Vijayanagara dynasty and the Keladi Nayakas etc
SANTALIGE COUNTRY UNDER KADAMBA DYNASTY
In 1012 Hombuja kingdom ie Santalige1000 was brought under the control of Kadamba Kingdom. Santara Prince of Hombuja became a vassal of Kadamba king Chatta Kadamba.
In 1016 AD Santara clans of Hombuja overthrew Kadamba Suzernity. After that Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi ruled only Banavasi 12000 under the suzernity of Jayasimha Vallabha Chalukya.
SANTALIGE UNDER KADAMBA DYNASTY AGAIN
In 1031 Kadamba King Chatta Deva was ruling over Banavasi 12000 and Santalige 1000 ie Hombuja. Son of Kadamba Chatta Deva, SATYASRAYA DEVA, was the GOVERNOR of Santalige province.
HOMBUJA SANTARAS UNDER HOYSALA DYNASTY
Hoysala king Vinayaditya (1047 to 1098) brought Hombuja Santara kingdom under his control.
SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY
ReplyDeleteJAGA DEVA SANTARA
In 1099 A.D Jaga Deva Santara was ruling from Patti Pomburchcha Pura ie Humcha.
SANTARA DYNASTY OF KALASA
In 1100 Jakaladevi and Balaraja belonging to Santara dynasty ruled from their capital Kalasa in the Westernghats.
SANTARA DYNASTY OF HOMBUJA
In 1103 AD Santara king Malla Santha in memory of his wife Veera Abbarasi and in honour to his Guru Vadigaratta Ajithasena Pandita Deva had laid the foundation stone of a temple at Hombuja.
BHUJABALI SANTHA
In 1115 A.D Bhujabali Santha of Santara dynasty had built a Jain temple at Hombuja. Nanni Santha, brother of Bhujabali Santha was a staunch follower of Jainism.
SANTALIGE BROUGHT UNDER CHALUKYA DYNASTY
In 1116 AD all Kadamba territories ieBanavasi, Hangal and Santalige 1000 territory ruled by Hombuja Santara dynasty, were united again under the overlordship of Western Chalukya king Taila II.
WAR BETWEEN CHALUKYA AND SANTARA DYNASTY
In 1127 AD there was war between Western Chalukya King Tailapa and Santara king Permadi.
Banavasi Dandanayaka Masanayya sent his brother in law Kaliga Nayaka who defeated Santara king and Santara king was dispossessed of his kingdom.
Santalige continued to be under Kadamba Dynasty until 1130 AD.
CHALUKYA PRINCE CROWNED AS KADAMBA KING
In 1131 AD Mayuravarma III son of Chalukya king Tailapa was made king of Kadamba kingdom All the former Kadamba territories, Hangal,Banavasi 12000 and Santalige 1000 came under his suzernity.
MASANAYYA
Viragal at Hangal says that Dandanayaka, Masanayya alias Masana protected the boy who had been made king as Mayuravarma III.
SANTALIGE UNDER SANTARA KING
In 1172 Veerasantha who succeeded Nanniyaganga as the ruler of Hombuja was called as "Jinadevana Charana Kamalgala Bhrama"
SANTARA KINGS OF HOSAGUNDA
After 1180 Beeradevarasa, Bommarasa and Kammarasa became the kings of the Hosagunda branch of Santara dynasty.
At 1200 AD Teerthahalli region near Humcha was then known as Santalige Savira indicating that Teerthahalli region was under Santalige 1000. Savira meant 1000 in Kannada.
SPLITTING OF SANTARA DYNASTY
Santara dynasty split into two branches by the 12 century AD. One branch was stationed in Hosagunda of Shimoga district and another branch to Kalasa in the Western ghats, chikkamagalur district.
MIGRATION FROM HOMBUJA
Gradually these Santara dynasty branches ie Hosagunda and Kalasa branches or only the Kalasa branch shifted their capitals to Keravashe which was 14 km north-east of Karkala and then to Karkala, both were in the old South Canara district. Hence the territory they ruled was also known as the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom.
HOSAGUNDA SANTARA DYNASTY'S CONVERSION TO HINDUISM
In 1200 Santara branch that was stationed in Hosagunda who were originally Digambara Jains embraced Shavite Hinduism.
KALASA-KARKALA KINGDOM
In 1200 AD a branch of Santara Pandiyan dynasty moved to south from Hombuja-Humcha and founded two capitals.
One capital was Karkala in the coastal plains and another capital Kalasa was in the Western ghats. Hence the territory ruled by Santara Pandiyan dynasty was also known as the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom.
After 1200 AD Santara Kings were also called as Bhairarasa, who ruled over Malenadu region in the Westernghats, as well as the Coastal Districts of Karnataka.
Kalasa-Karakala kingdom extended over a wider area comprising Sringeri, Koppa, Balehonnur, Mudigere in Chikamagalur and most of the Karkala taluk. Kalasa-Karkala kingdom was situated east of Mangalore. Karkala was also known as Pandiya Nagari.
SANTALIGE UNDER VIJAYANAGARA
After 1336 AD Santara dynasty of Hombuja-Hosagunda became the subordinate Vassal country under the suzernity of the Vijayanagara Empire. But the Kalasa-Karkala Santara Pandiyan kingdom remained independent
SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY
ReplyDeleteKARKALA SANTARA PANDYAS
Santara King Veera Bhairarasa ruled from Karkala from 1390 AD to 1420 AD.
INSTALLATION OF BAHUBALI STATUE BY SANTARA VEERA PANDYA DEVA
At 1432 AD Santara Veera Pandya Deva, who was a scholar known for his generous disposition was ruling from Karkala otherwise known as Pandiya Nagari. Karkala had been the capital of Santara dynasty. Santara Veera Pandya maintained good relations with the Sringeri Math. The biggest achievement of Santara Veera Pandya Deva's reign was the installation of the 42 feet high monolithic statue of Lord Bahubali at Karkala at 1432 AD. Santara ruler Veera Pandya had the title Bhairarasa also.
VEERA PANDYA IV
In 1455 AD Santara Veera Pandya was succeeded to throne by his brother's son, Veera Pandya IV and he ruled from 1455 to 1475 AD. King Santara Veera Pandiya IV constructed the 57-foot beautifully carved Manastambha in front of the Neminatha Basadi at Hiriyangady in 1457 AD. On the completion of the Manastambha, he got the title "Abhinava Pandya.''
IMMADI BHAIRARASA VODEYA SANTARA
Chaturmukha Jain Basadi in Karkala was constructed under the patronage of Immadi Vodeya (Bhairava II) of the Santara Dynasty at 1586 AD. Chaturmukha Jain Basadi which had been built in the late 16th-century contains images of Jain saints Aranath, Mallinath and Munisuvratnath. Chaturmukha Basadi was built on top of a small rocky hill in 1586 A.D. The Basadi had four identical entrances from the four quarters leading to the Garbagriha and hence is popularly known as Chaturmukha Basadi.
Immadi Bhairava Vodeya, who was also instrumental in building a "Sadhana Chaityalaya'' at a place called Koppa.
Vodeya title is similar to Udaiyar title of Vanavar subgroup of Villavars.
END OF SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY
The Santara Pandiyan dynasty disappeared after the invasions by the Nayakas of Keladi and by Hyder Ali in 1763 AD.
KELADI NAYAKA DYNASTY
The Keladi Nayakas established their kingdom around 1499 AD with capital at Keladi near Hosagunda, in the area formerly ruled by Santara dynasty of Hombuja. Keladi Nayakas also belonged to Bana Dynasty similar to Santara Pandiyan dynasty and to the Banajiga subgroup of Balija Naickers. Keladii Nayakas occupied Karnataka south of Keladi and northern Kerala upto Kannur.
Most of the areas of a Kalasa-Karkala Santara Pandiyan kingdom had been occupied by the Kelady Nayakas by the AD 1700s.
INVASION OF HYDER ALI
In 1763 AD Hyder Ali defeated Keladi Nayakas and annexed Keladi Nayaka kingdom to Mysore kingdom. Hyder Ali invaded Santara Pandiyan kingdom of Karkala in 1763 AD and annexed it to Mysore Kingdom. Santara Pandiyan dynasty completely disappeared after the invasion of Hyder Ali.
CONCLUSION:
The Chera, Chola and Pandiyan kingdoms ruled by Santars who were also known as Nadalvar, Nadar or Chanar. Santar rulers descended from the ancient Villavar-Meenavar dynasty.
Following the invasions of Turkish sultanate in 1311 AD and the invasion of Balija Naickers of Kishkinda-Anegundi in 1377 AD, Chera, Chola and Pandian kingdoms came to an end.
Similarly Santara Pandiyan kingdom of Karnataka came to an end after the invasion of Keladi Nayakas who were Balija Naickers in the 1700s and the invasion of Hyder Ali in 1763 AD.
VILLAVAR-MEENAVAR AND MUKKULATHOR
ReplyDeleteThe Chera, Chola and Pandyan Kingdoms were founded by Villavar-Meenavar people in prehistory. In very ancient times only Pandyan kingdom was there. Then it broke up to form the Chera Chola Pandyan kingdoms.
Villavar subclans were
1. Villavar
Villavar were hunters who carried a flag displaying Bow and Arrow.
2. Malayar
Malayar lived at Hilly areas.. They carried a flag with Hill image.
3. Vanavar
Vanavar lived in Jungles and they carried a flag with tree emblem or Tiger emblem both related to jungle
and their sea going cousins
4. Meenavar
Meenavar were fishermen who carried a flag with fish emblem.
All these Villavar-Meenavar clans merged to form Nadalvar clans.
So modern Villavar people is the result of merger of all the subgroups.
Dravidian Villavar-Meenavar clans founded the Chera, Chola Pandiyan kingdoms.
Villavar were the kings of Chola dynasty. Villavar-Meenavar clans founded the Pandiyan dynasty. Villavar were the kings of Chera dynasty.
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NAGAS
Kalithokai mention an ancient war fought between Villavar-Meenavar against Nagas in which Villavar-Meenavar were defeated and lost Central India. Nagas then occupied central India and started migrating to the southern India.
Nagas were northern migrants from Gangetic belt in the ancient times. According to Kanagasabai Pillai Avarhal in his book Tamils 1800 years ago says that Maravar, Eyinar, Aruvalar, Oviar, Oliar and Paradavar were Nagas who migrated to south India and settled down.
MURGUHAR
Mattakalappu Manmiyam written in the sixteenth century says that the three tribes Kalingar, Vangar and Singar descended from Guhan the mythical boat man at Sarayu river branch of Ganges.
The three Guhan tribes were called Murguhar or Mukkulathor. The branches of Murguhar were
1. Murguhar or Mukkuvar
2. Maravar
3. Kalingar-Sinhalese.
It also says that the Murguhar occupied Srilanka first and then occupied Coastal India and Ramnad later. Mattakalappu manmiyam also said that Ramnad was also called as Northern Srilanka by Maravars. Maravar and Mukkuvar are clisely related Naga clans who occupied India.
During colonial period in the Kalingar dynasty ruled Mattakalappu
Mukkuvar occupied highest posts such as Governor of Mattakalappu Podi. They had all the privileges of Kalingan aristocracy. It is because of their Murguhar ancestry
Similarly Maravas were appointed as Vanniya regional administrators of Mattakalappu. Maravas also Murguhars who were Nagas migrated to Kalinga,Vanga Singa kingdoms and from there they came to Tamilnadu and Srilanka.
The three castes of Srilankan Mukkulator are Mukkuvar Kalingar-Sinhalese and Maravar.
But in Indian Mukkulathor Mukkuvar are not added.
Instead Marava, Kalabhra and Tulu agriculturists called Agamudaiyar form the Mukkulathor clan india.
VILLAVAR-MEENAVAR AND MUKKULATHOR
ReplyDeleteMARAVAS
In Mattakalappu Manmiyam it is said that Marava were fishermen in Ganges when Lord Srirama happen to see them. Lord Srirama gave them jobs in the Ayodhya kingdom.
Maravars had been fishermen at Ganges river basin who came to South India as soldiers of the Aryan army, in the 6th century BC.
Maravas accompanied the Vanara armies in the invasion of Srilanka.
Mattakalappu manmiyam says that Maravas defeated the Arakkar dynasty. Then Maravas came and settled in the south India.
KALABHRAS
Kallar descend from Kalabhras.
Kallars might have joined the Madurai Sultanate and had converted to Islam but reconverted to Hinduism after the invasion of Vijayanagar In 1377 AD . In Kallar marriages sister of the Groom only ties the Thali around the neck of the bride and not the groom.
Kallar Thalis displayed Moon phase and a star. Until recently though Hindus, Piramalai Kallars were doing circumcision.
VELLALAR
Vellalar belong to Kalabhra aristocracy called Kalappalar.
Vellala were the early Kalabhra invaders who occupied Northern Chola country under Kalinga king Kharavela in 100 BC. As the servants of Kharavela they were known as Vel+Alar or Kalinga Vellalar and their leaders as Velir. The land Velalar occupied was named Khar country after king Kharavela. The Vellalar were known as Khar Katha Vellalar or protectors of Khar country. Vellalar thus migrated from Chedi kingdom of Yadhavas to Kalinga and then to Chola country.
AGAMUDAIYAR
Agamudaiyars were originally related to Kallar and Maravar. Agamudaiyar had the title Chedi Rayar of Kalabhras and the title Parvatharaja Kulam of Parataraja kingdom of Balochistan. Agamudaiyar might have been the aristocracy of Parathavar. Agamudaiyar could have mixed descent from various northern Naga kingdoms such as Parataraja kingdom, Kuru kingdom, Chedi kingdom etc. Agamudaiyar meant House owners. Agamudayar mixed with Tuluva Vellala Mudaliar of Arcot and adopted the title Mudaliar. Tuluva Vellalars descend from the Army Hoysala Ballala. Hoysala Ballala invaded and occupied Northern Tamilnadu and Kanchipuram in 1330s. Tuluva Vellalars descend from various castes of coastal Karnataka such as Weavers and agriculturists. No such caste called Tuluva Vellala ever existed at Tulunadu.
Naga clans such as Marava, Kalabhra, Vellala and Tuluva Vellala people are not related to Chera Chola Pandyan dynasties.
VILLAVAR-MEENAVAR AND MUKKULATHOR
ReplyDeleteMATTAKALAPPU MANMIYAM
மறவர் கங்கை நதியில் மீனவர்களாக இருந்தனர்
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வீரனென்னும் பரதிகுல யிரகுமுன்னாள்வேட்டை சென்றெங்கள் குலமெல்லிதன்னைமாரனென்றணைத்தீன்ற சவலையர்க்குவருஇரகு நாடனென நாமமிட்டுபூருவத்தி லயோத்தி யுரிமையீந்துபோன பின்னர் சிறிராமர் துணைவராகிதீரரென்னுமரக்கர்குலம் வேரறுத்தசிவ மறவர்குலம் நானும் வரிசைகேட்டேன்
(மட்டகளப்பு மான்மியம்)
மறவர்கள் அரக்கர் குலத்தை தோற்கடித்தனர்
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அயோத்தி - சவலையர் அயோத்தியுரிமை யைப் பெற்றுப் பின் இராமர் துணை வராகி அரக்கர்குலம் வேரறுத்தனர். இவர்களே சிவமறவர்குலம் எனப் பங்குபெற்றனர்
மறவர் கங்கை மற்றும் அயோத்தி பகுதியைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள்.
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தேடறிய சிவனடியில் செறிந்தெழுந்த
திருக்கங்கை வதன மாரிருந்து வாழ்ந்தார் மாடேறு மீசனடி துதித்திடைய மக்களென்று
பண்டு பண்டு வரிசை பெற்றார்"
என்பர். அயோத்தி என்ற மறவர்,
'சிவமறவர்குலம் நானும் வரிசை கோட்டேன்
(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
முற்குகர் ஸ்ரீலங்கா மீது படையெடுத்தனர்.
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இலங்கையின் வனப்பைக் கேள்வியுற்று வடஇந்தியாவிலே அயோத்தியினின்றும் முற்குகர் இலங்கைக்குப் படையெடுத்து வந்தனர். அவர்கள் இலங்கையின் கீழ்ப்பாகம் வந்த போது ஒரு சதுப்பேரி காணப்பட்டது. அச்சதுப்பேரியினூடே தமது ஓடத்தைச் செலுத்தினர். அப்போது வழியில் மண்செறிந்த ஓர் முனை எனும் குறுகலாகவிருந்தமையால் அதற்கு மண்முனை எனும் பெயரிட்டனர். அப்பாற் தென்திசைநோக்கிப் புறப்பட்டனர். வாவி எல்லையில் ஓடம் சென்றதும் அப்பாற்செல்ல வழியில்லாமைகண்டு “இதுமட்டும மட்டடா மட்டக்களப்படா” (இந்தக் களப்பு இதுவரையுந்தான்) எனப் பகர்ந்து அந்தத்திலே மட்டக்களப்பென்னும் நாமத்தைச் சூட்டி ஒரு கிராமத்தை அரணாக்கினர்.
(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
முக்குலத்தவர்
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கண்டிக்கும் மட்டக்களப்பு அரசுவருமானத்தில் மூன்றிலொன்று கொடுக்கும்படி கண்டி அரசனிடம் சம்மதமுற்றுக் கலிபிறந்து நாலாயிரத்தெண்ணூற்றுப்பத்தாம் வருஷம் மட்டக்களப்பை ஒல்லாந்தருக்கு ஒப்புக்கொடுத்தனர். ஒல்லாந்தர், காலிங்கர், வங்கர். சிங்கர் என்னும் முக்குலத்தவரையும் நிலைமைகளாய் வகுத்தனர். இருபது வருஷம் அரசு செய்யும் போது இந்த முக்குலத்தவரிலும் நம்பிக்கை இல்லாதவராய்த் தங்கள் இராசதானம் என்னும் பண்ணை நாட்டிலிருந்து பஸ்கோலென்பவனை இரச்சிய முதலியாய் அனுப்பினர்.(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
முதல் சிங்கள மன்னரான விஜய சிங்காவின் மூதாதையர்களில் ஒருவரான மறவர்
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விசயுனுடைய காலமும் அவர் முதாதை கலிங்கர். கங்கர். சிங்கர், மறவர் மறாட்டியர் என்னும் ஐந்து அரசர்களுடைய வம்சவழியும் அவரவர்கள் சந்ததிகள் இந்நாட்டில் கலிங்கதேசம் வங்கதேசம் சிங்கபுரம் அசோககிரி சோழநாடு இராமநாடு மலையாளம் இவையிலிருந்து குடியேறி அரசாண்டு முதன்மை பெற்றுச் சிறை தளங்களோடு வாழ்ந்து வந்த சரித்திரங்களையும் கூறவேண்டும்.
(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
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Coin of Villavars
https://www.marudhararts.com/printed-auction/auction-no-23/lot-no-668/coins-of-india/hindu-medieval-of-india/kongu-empire/copper-coin-of-kongu-cheras-.html
Either Palm tree or Coconut tree and Bow and arrow etched on the coin.
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MATTAKALAPPU MANMIYAM
https://www.noolaham.net/project/02/199/199.htm
To understand the history of Nagas including Guhan clans such as Maravar and Sinhalese who migrated from Gangetic river area, one has to read Sri Lankan books such as Mattakalappu Manmiyam.
வில்லவர்-மீனவர் மற்றும் முக்குலத்தோர்
ReplyDeleteசேர, சோழ, பாண்டிய அரசுகள் வரலாற்றுக்கு முற்பட்ட காலத்தில் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் மக்களால் நிறுவப்பட்டது. பழங்காலத்தில் பாண்டிய அரசு மட்டுமே இருந்தது. பின்னர் அது பிரிந்து சேர சோழ பாண்டிய அரசுகளை உருவாக்கியது.
வில்லவர் உபகுலங்கள் இவை
1. வில்லவர்
வில்லவர் வேட்டைக்காரர்கள், வில்லும் அம்பும் சின்னமுள்ள கொடியை ஏந்தியவர்கள்.
2. மலையர்
மலையர் மலைப்பகுதிகளில் வாழ்ந்தனர்.. மலை சின்னம் கொண்ட கொடியை ஏந்தியிருந்தனர்.
3. வானவர்
வானவர் காடுகளில் வாழ்ந்தனர், அவர்கள் மரச் சின்னம் அல்லது புலி சின்னம் கொண்ட கொடியை ஏந்தி வந்தனர், இவை இரண்டும் காடு தொடர்பானவை.
மற்றும் அவர்களின் கடல் செல்லும் உறவினர்கள்
4. மீனவர்
மீனவர் மீன் சின்னம் கொண்ட கொடியை ஏந்தியவர்கள்.
இந்த வில்லவர்-மீனவர் குலங்கள் அனைத்தும் ஒன்றிணைந்து நாடாள்வார் குலங்களை உருவாக்கின.
எனவே நவீன வில்லவர் மக்கள் உருவாயது அனைத்து வில்லவர்களின் குலங்களின் இணைப்பின் விளைவாகும்.
திராவிட வில்லவர்-மீனவர் குலங்கள் சேர, சோழ பாண்டிய அரசுகளை நிறுவினர்.
வானவர் சோழ வம்சத்தின் மன்னர்கள். வில்லவர்-மீனவர் குலங்கள் பாண்டிய வம்சத்தை நிறுவினர். வில்லவர் என்பவர் சேர வம்சத்தின் மன்னர்கள்.
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நாகர்கள்
நாகர்களுக்கு எதிராக வில்லவர்-மீனவர் இடையே நடந்த பண்டைய போரில் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டு மத்திய இந்தியாவை இழந்ததை கலித்தொகை குறிப்பிடுகிறது. பின்னர் நாகர்கள் மத்திய இந்தியாவை ஆக்கிரமித்து தென்னிந்தியாவிற்கு இடம்பெயரத் தொடங்கினர்.
நாகர்கள் பண்டைய காலத்தில் கங்கை மண்டலத்தில் இருந்து வடக்கு நோக்கி குடியேறியவர்கள். கனகசபைப் பிள்ளை அவர்களால் 1800 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் தமிழர்கள் என்ற நூலில் மறவர், எயினர், அருவாளர், ஓவியர், ஓலியர், பரதவர் ஆகியோர் தென்னிந்தியாவிற்குப் புலம் பெயர்ந்து குடியேறிய நாகர்கள் என்று கூறுகிறார்.
முற்குகர்
பதினாறாம் நூற்றாண்டில் எழுதப்பட்ட மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம், கலிங்கர், வங்கர், சிங்கர் ஆகிய மூன்று குலத்தவரும் கங்கையின் சரயு நதிக் கிளையில் உள்ள புராணங்களில் கூறப்படும் படகு வீரன் குகனிடமிருந்து வந்தவர்கள் என்று கூறுகிறது.
மூன்று குஹன் கலத்தினர் முற்குஹர் அல்லது முக்குலத்தோர் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர். முற்குஹரின் கிளைகள் இவை
1. முற்குகர் அல்லது முக்குவர்
2. மறவர்
3. கலிங்கர்-சிங்களவர்.
முற்குஹர் முதலில் இலங்கையை ஆக்கிரமித்ததாகவும், பின்னர் கடலோர இந்தியாவையும் பின்னர் ராம்நாட்டையும் ஆக்கிரமித்ததாகவும் அது கூறுகிறது. மறவர்களால் ராமநாடு வட இலங்கை என்றும் அழைக்கப்பட்டதாக மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம் கூறியது. மறவர் மற்றும் முக்குவர் ஆகியோர் இந்தியாவை ஆக்கிரமித்த நாக குலத்தவர்.
காலனித்துவ காலத்தில் கலிங்கர் வம்சத்தினர் மட்டக்களப்பை ஆண்டனர்
முக்குவர் மட்டக்களப்பில் பொடி வட்டாட்சியர் போன்ற மிக உயர்ந்த பதவிகளை வகித்தார்கள். கலிங்க பிரபுத்துவத்தின் அனைத்து சலுகைகளும் அவர்களுக்கு இருந்தன. அதற்குக் காரணம் அவர்கள் முற்குகர் பரம்பரையைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள்.
அதேபோன்று மட்டக்களப்பு வன்னிய பிரதேச நிர்வாகிகளாக மறவர்கள் நியமிக்கப்பட்டனர். நாகர்களாக இருந்த மறவர்களும் கலிங்க, வங்க சிங்க ராஜ்ஜியங்களுக்கு குடிபெயர்ந்து அங்கிருந்து தமிழகம் மற்றும் இலங்கைக்கு வந்தனர்.
இலங்கை முக்குலத்தோரின் மூன்று சாதிகள் முக்குவர் கலிங்கர்-சிங்களவர் மற்றும் மறவர்.
ஆனால் இந்திய முக்குலத்தோரில் முக்குவர் சேர்க்கப்படவில்லை.
மாறாக அகமுடையார் எனப்படும் துளு விவசாயிகள், மறவர் மற்றும் கள்ளர் என்ற களப்பிரர் ஆகியோர் முக்குலத்தோர் குலத்தை உருவாக்குகின்றனர்.
வில்லவர்-மீனவர் மற்றும் முக்குலத்தோர்
ReplyDeleteமறவர்கள்
மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியத்தில், மறவர்கள் கங்கையில் மீனவர்களாக இருந்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. பகவான் ஸ்ரீராமர் அவர்களுக்கு அயோத்தி சாம்ராஜ்யத்தில் வேலை கொடுத்தார். கிமு 6 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் ஆரிய இராணுவத்தின் வீரர்களாக தென்னிந்தியாவிற்கு வந்த மறவர்கள் கங்கை நதிப் படுகையில் மீனவர்களாக இருந்தனர்.
மறவர்கள் இலங்கைப் படையெடுப்பில் வானரப் படைகளுடன் உடன் சென்றனர்.
அரக்கர் வம்சத்தை மறவர்கள் தோற்கடித்ததாக மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம் கூறுகிறது. பின்னர் மறவர்கள் தென்னிந்தியாவில் வந்து குடியேறினர்.
களப்பிரர்
கள்ளர் களப்பிரரிடமிருந்து வந்தவர்.
கள்ளர்கள் மதுரை சுல்தானகத்துடன் சேர்ந்து இஸ்லாமிய மதத்திற்கு மாறியிருக்கலாம், ஆனால் கி.பி 1377 இல் விஜயநகரத்தின் படையெடுப்பிற்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இந்து மதத்திற்கு மாறியிருக்கலாம். கள்ளர் திருமணங்களில் மணமகனின் சகோதரிதான் மணமகளுக்கு தாலி கெட்டுவார். தாலி கட்டுவது மாப்பிள்ளை அல்ல.
கள்ளர் தாலிகள் சந்திரனையும் நட்சத்திரத்தையும் காட்டியது. சமீப காலம் வரை இந்துக்களாக இருந்தாலும் பிறமலைக் கள்ளர்கள் விருத்தசேதனம் செய்து வந்தனர்.
வேளாளர்
வேளாளர் களப்பாளர் எனப்படும் களப்பிர உயர்குடியைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள். கிமு 100 இல் கலிங்க மன்னன் காரவேளாவின் கீழ் வட சோழ நாட்டை ஆக்கிரமித்த ஆரம்பகால களப்பிரர் படையெடுப்பாளர்கள் வெள்ளாளராவார்கள். காரவேளரின் அடியாட்களான அவர்கள் வேள்+ஆளர் அல்லது கலிங்க வேளாளர் என்றும் அவர்களின் தலைவர்கள் வேளிர் என்றும் அழைக்கப்பட்டனர். வேளாளர் ஆக்கிரமித்த நிலம் காரவேள மன்னனின் பெயரால் கார் நாடு என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. வேளாளர்கள் கார் காத்த வேளாளர்கள் அல்லது கார் நாட்டின் பாதுகாவலர்கள் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர். வேளாளர் இவ்வாறு யாதவர்களின் சேதி சாம்ராஜ்யத்திலிருந்து கலிங்கத்திற்கும் பின்னர் சோழ நாட்டிற்கும் குடிபெயர்ந்தனர்.
அகமுடையார்
அகமுடையார்கள் முதலில் கள்ளர் மற்றும் மறவர் ஆகியோருடன் தொடர்புடையவர்கள்.அகமுடையார் களப்பிரர்களின் சேதி ராயர் என்ற பட்டத்தையும் பலூசிஸ்தானின் பரதராஜ ராஜ்ஜியத்தின் பர்வதராஜ குலம் என்ற பட்டத்தையும் கொண்டிருந்தார்கள். அகமுடையார் பரதவரின் உயர்குடியாக இருந்திருக்கலாம். அகமுடையார் பரதராஜ ராஜ்ஜியம், குரு ராஜ்யம், சேதி ராஜ்யம் போன்ற பல்வேறு வட நாக ராஜ்யங்களிலிருந்து வந்த கலப்பு வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராக இருக்க முடியும். அகமுடையார் என்றால் வீட்டு உரிமையாளர்கள் என்று பொருள். அகமுடையார் ஆற்காடு துளுவ வேளாள முதலியாருடன் கலந்து முதலியார் என்ற பட்டத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டனர். துளுவ வேளாளர்கள் ஹொய்சாள பல்லாளனின் இராணுவத்திலிருந்து வந்தவர்கள். கிபி 1330 களில் ஹொய்சாள பல்லாளன் வட தமிழகம் மற்றும் காஞ்சிபுரம் மீது படையெடுத்து ஆக்கிரமித்தார். துளுவ வேளாளர்கள் நெசவாளர்கள் மற்றும் விவசாயிகள் போன்ற கடலோர கர்நாடகாவின் பல்வேறு சாதிகளிலிருந்து வந்தவர்கள். துளுவ வெள்ளாளர் என்ற சாதியொன்று ஒருபோதும் துளுநாட்டில் இருந்ததில்லை.
நாக குலங்களான மறவர், களப்பிரர் என்ற கள்ளர், வேளாளர், அகமுடையார் மற்றும் துளுவ வெள்ளாள மக்கள் சேர சோழ பாண்டிய வம்சங்களுடன் தொடர்புடையவர்கள் அல்ல.